Naturally occurring sulfate

Pujol et al. in chapter eight, reviews the chemistry, origin and antiviral activities of naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides for the prevention and control of viral infections such as HIV-1 and -2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. 

Sidle W. C., Roose D. L., and ShankUn D. R. (2000) Isotopic evidence for naturally occurring sulfate pollution of ponds in the Kankakee River Basin, IlUnois-Indiana. J. Environ. Qual. 29(5), 1594-1603. 

Pujol, C. A., Coto, C. E., and Damonte, E. B. (1995). Determination of the antiviral activity of a naturally occurring sulfated xylomannan under various experimental conditions. Rev. 

Among the naturally occurring sulfate ores, only gypsum has ever been of any importance as a raw material for sulfur production, and only in the direct production of sulfur dioxide for sulfuric acid manufacture. Byproduct calcium sulfate from phosphoric acid production (phosphogypsum) has been used to produce sulfuric acid. Elemental sulfur has never been extracted from sulfates on any significant scale because of high energy costs. Experimental work has been done on both chemical [721... 

Polysulfates are widely studied because of their potential biomedical applications. Heparin, a naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharide, has antithrombogenic properties and is used in cardiovascular surgery (179,208). Polysulfates in general, and sulfated polysaccharides in particular, are active against a wide variety of enveloped viruses (209,210). 

Some esters of inorganic acids such as dimethyl sulfate are used as reagents m syn thetic organic chemistry Certain naturally occurring alkyl phosphates play an important role m biological processes... 

Terpenes, specifically monoterpenes, are naturally occurring monomers that are usually obtained as by-products of the paper and citms industries. Monoterpenes that are typically employed in hydrocarbon resins are shown in Figure 2. Optically active tf-limonene is obtained from various natural oils, particularly citms oils (81). a and P-pinenes are obtained from sulfate turpentine produced in the kraft (sulfate) pulping process. Southeastern U.S. sulfate turpentine contains approximately 60—70 wt % a-pinene and 20—25 wt % P-pinene (see Terpenoids). Dipentene, which is a complex mixture of if,/-Hmonene, a- and P-pheUandrene, a- and y-terpinene, and terpinolene, is also obtained from the processing of sulfate Hquor (82). 

Sodium is not found ia the free state ia nature because of its high chemical reactivity. It occurs naturally as a component of many complex minerals and of such simple ones as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium borate, and sodium nitrate. Soluble sodium salts are found ia seawater, mineral spriags, and salt lakes. Principal U.S. commercial deposits of sodium salts are the Great Salt Lake Seades Lake and the rock salt beds of the Gulf Coast, Virginia, New York, and Michigan (see Chemicals frombrine). Sodium-23 is the only naturally occurring isotope. The six artificial radioisotopes (qv) are Hsted ia Table 1 (see Sodium compounds). 

Sodium nitrate nitrate [7631-99-4] NaNO, is found in naturally occurring deposits associated with sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, magnesium chloride, and other salts. Accumulations of sodium nitrate have been reported in several countries, but the only ones being commercially exploited are the unique nitrate-rich deposits in Chile, South America. Natural sodium nitrate is also referred to as Chilean saltpeter or Chilean nitrate. 

Sulfates of sodium are iadustriaUy important materials commonly sold ia three forms (Table 1). In the period from 1970 to 1981, > 1 million metric tons were consumed aimuaHy ia the United States. Siace then, demand has declined. In 1988 consumption dropped to 890,000 t, and ia 1994 to 610,000 t (1,2). Sodium sulfate is used principally (40%) ia the soap (qv) and detergent iadustries. Pulp and paper manufacturers consume 25%, textiles 19%, glass 5%, and miscellaneous iadustries consume 11% (3). About half of all sodium sulfate produced is a synthetic by-product of rayon, dichromate, phenol (qv), or potash (see Chromium compounds Fibers, regenerated cellulosics Potassium compounds). Sodium sulfate made as a by-product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or naturally occurring brine is called natural sodium sulfate. In 1994, about 300,000 t of sodium sulfate were produced as a by-product another 300,000 t were produced from natural sodium sulfate deposits (4). 

Minerals of sodium sulfate occur naturally throughout the world. The deposits result from evaporation of inland seas and terminal lakes. Colder climates, such as those found ia Canada and the former Soviet Union, favor formation of mirabilite. Warmer climates, such as those found ia South America, India, Mexico, and the western United States, favor formation of thenardite. In areas where other anions and cations are present, double salts can be found of the kiads shown ia Table 2, which Hsts nearly all naturally occurring minerals containing sodium sulfate. Except for mirabilite, thenardite, and astrakanite, these mineral deposits play a minor role ia sodium sulfate production. 

Occurrence. The principal strontium mineral is celestite, naturally occurring strontium sulfate. Celestite and celestine [7759-02-6] both describe this mineral. However, celestite is the form most widely used in Knglish-speaking countries. Celestite has a theoretical strontium oxide content of 56.4 wt %, a hardness of 3—3.5 on Mohs scale, and a specific gravity of 3.96. It is usually white or bluish white and has an orthorhombic crystal form. 

Barite [13462-86-7], natural barium sulfate, BaSO, commonly known as barytes, and sometimes as heavy spar, tiU, or cawk, occurs in many geological environments in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Commercial deposits are of three types vein and cavity filling deposits residual deposits and bedded deposits. Most commercial sources are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone, and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite is widely distributed and has minable deposits in many countries. 

Gypsum [13397-24-5] CaSO 2H20, is a naturally occurring mineral found mainly in the western United States and eastern Canada (see Calcium COMPOUNDS, CALCIUM sulfate). The purer deposits require only minimal beneficiation to get a product pure enough for commercial appHcations. Other... 

The paper and pulp industries consume taif/e quantities of Ca(OH)2 and precipitated (as distinct from naturally occurring) CaCOs. The largest application of lime in pulp manufacture is as a causlicizing agent in sulfate (kraft) plants (p. 89). Here the waste NajC solution is reacted with lime to regenerate the caustic soda used in the process ... 

Tutton salts are the double sulfates M2Cu(S04)2.6H20 which all contain [Cu(H20)e] + and belong to the more general class of double sulfates of M and M cations which are known as schbnites after the naturally occurring K /Mg compound. 

Many naturally occurring sugars have a sulfate group attached to one of the carbon atoms. Because the sulfate group does not have any transitions... 

Although naturally occurring compounds of transition metals are restricted in scope, a wide variety of compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory. Representative compounds appear in Table 20-2. These compounds fall into three general categories There are many binary halides and oxides in a range of oxidation numbers. Ionic compounds containing transition metal cations and polyatomic oxoanions also are common these include nitrates, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and perchlorates. Finally, there are numerous ionic compounds in which the transition metal is part of an oxoanion. 

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