Injuries death resulting from

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). 

Oxygen species are now thought to play an important role in many types of cellular injury (eg, resulting from administration of various toxic chemicals or from ischemia), some of which can result in cell death. Indirect evidence supporting a role for these species in gen-... 

Injury to personnel is determined using probit equations from Table 2-5. The probit equation for deaths resulting from lung hemorrhage is... 

Deaths in rats resulting from single-exposure concentration/duration combinations expected to produce 50%-90% mortality usually occurred within 24 hours. These deaths were attributed to cardiac or respiratory failure and were probably a direct effect of 1,2-dibromoethane toxicity. Deaths resulting from exposure concentration/duration combinations expected to produce 0.01%-50% mortality occurred as long as 12 days after exposure and were due to pneumonia. The authors attributed pneumonia to 1,2-dibromoethane-induced lung injury, but this lesion could also have been due to intercurrent bacterial or mycoplasmal pulmonary infection. Rats free of enzootic respiratory infections were not available in 1952. More contemporary inhalation studies of 1,2-dibromoethane using commercially produced rats (Nitschke et al. 1981 NTP 1982) did not report pneumonic lesions or pneumonia-related mortality. 

A lethal exposure for humans is stated to be 119ppm for 30 minutes, with death resulting from pulmonary edema. Particular injury occurs in the medium and small bronchi. In addition to pulmonary irritation, human exposure results in lacrimation, cough, nausea, vomiting, and skin irritation persons injured by inhalation of chloropicrin vapor are said to be more susceptible to subsequent exposures. ... 

Because depression is a major factor in most suicides, investigating the association between low serum cholesterol levels and suicide may be important. Some studies have shown an association between low cholesterol and increased risk of death resulting from injuries or suicide [81 85]. Other studies have shown no such association [40, 86-89]. 

At the global level, an analysis of the WHO database on burden of disease (http //www.who.int/evidence) shows that most of these deaths result from a handful of causes (WHO, 2005a). Figure 1 shows the major causes of death in children under five years of age. Estimates from the 2000-2003 database attribute 37% of these deaths to neonatal causes, 19% to pneumonia, 17% to diarrhoea, 20% to other — including injuries, measles, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) — and 8% to malaria. 

In moist air, the phosphorus pentoxide produces phosphoric acid. This acid, depending on concentration and duration of exposure, may produce a variety of topically irritative injuries. Irritation of the eyes and irritation of the mucous membranes are the most commonly seen injuries. These complaints remit spontaneously with the soldier s removal from the exposure site. With intense exposures, a very explosive cough may occur, which renders gas mask adjustment difficult. There are no reported deaths resulting from exposure to phosphorus smokes. 

Because of the toxicity associated with the manufacture of white phosphorus and because of its field risks, a gradual shift to red phosphorus (95% phosphorus in a 5% butyl rubber base) was undertaken after World War II. The British smoke grenade (L8-Al-3), which used red phosphorus, produced adequate field concentrations of smoke and functioned as an effective tank screen. Oxidation of red phosphorus produces a variety of phosphorus acids that, on exposure to water vapor, produce polyphosphoric acids. These acids may produce mild toxic injuries to the upper airways that result in a cough and irritation. There are no reported deaths resulting from exposure to red phosphorus smokes. Therapy... 

A serious violation is one where there is a substantial probability that death or serious injury could result from the cited condition, and the employer either knew about, or should have known, about this condition. OSHA s definition is as follows ... 

A death results from injury caused by the material ... 

Effective training of machine operators, operator assistants, inspection personnel, and safety professionals is one of the keys to prevention of injury and death. It is often determined that injuries have resulted from the operators or associated personnel being unaware of the hazards associated with machine operations. Inexperienced, untrained workers have no way of knowing how to protect themselves with safeguarding methods and have no knowledge of how to deal with machine or cycle malfunctions. 

Normally refers to insurance coverage for bodily injury and death resulting from accidental means (other than natural causes). For example, an insured person is critically injured in an incident. Accident insurance can provide income and/or a death benefit if death ensues. 

An injury that terminates fatally and is causally related to an incident. Death resulting from work injuries is assigned a time charge of 6000 days each according to the ANSI Z16.2 Standard. See also Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). 

Excludes deaths resulting from self-inflicted injuries that were the reason for admission to the health care facility. 

Other injuries — of an indirect or secondary nature, caused by involuntary muscle reaction from the shock, can result in bruises, bone fractures, and even death resulting from collisions or falls. 

Hazards The safety record of railroads has improved significantly. The hazards have changed. Today derailments pose significant hazards from the transported materials, including explosions, fires, and releases of toxic materials. The majority of rail deaths and injuries now result from grade crossing accidents with motor vehicles. 

Most deaths from fires do not result from bums. Bums cause only about one-fourth of fire-related deaths. Nearly two-thirds of all fire-related deaths result from inhalation of carbon monoxide, smoke, toxic gases, and asphyxiation. About one-tenth of the deaths are from mechanical injuries, such as injuries from falls or falling material. 

Beyond this there are other data sources which prevention agencies are or should be developing. Surprisingly, by no means all fatalities occurring on the job are reported to prevention agencies. In New South Wales in 1984 more than half of all deaths resulting from traumatic injury on the job (71 out of a total of 129) were not reported to the OHS authorities. In particular, none of the 36 tmck driver deaths was notified and only 50 per cent of farm deaths were notified (Hopkins et al. 1992, p. 149). Prevention authorities need to have systematic access to coroners records to identify the on-the-job fatalities which they currently miss. 

Choking agents cause injury chiefly in the respiratory tract—that is, in the nose, throat, and, particularly, the lungs. In extreme cases membranes swell, the lungs become filled with liquid, and death results from lack of oxygen thus, these agents choke an unprotected man. Fatalities of this type are referred to as dry-land drownings. ... 

This condition is referred to as ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several studies in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury have shown that the principal cause of cellular death is necrosis (11-13). However, other smdies have shown that cellular death consisted of a necrotic core surrounded by a peri-necrotic area that displayed properties consistent with apoptosis (11,14-18). Therefore, it is likely that cellular death resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury can consist of a mixture of apoptosis and necrosis, depending on the extent and duration of the ischemia prior to reperfusion. Other disease conditions where evidence demonstrating both apoptosis and necrosis occur includes diabetic cardiomyopathy, sepsis, stroke, and the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer s disease and Parkinson s disease. The development of a noninvasive imaging technique capable of measuring apoptosis and necrosis independently could provide valuable information on the balance between apoptosis and necrosis, and if there is a temporal shift in the balance of these mechanisms of cellular death, in a wide variety of pathological conditions. 

Although explosions caused by groxmd gas are by no means a common occurrence, incidents where death or serious injury has resulted from suspected ground gas explosions have been documented. A selection of these incidents is listed below. All are associated with migration of landfill gas from landfill sites. The explosions were caused by the methane within the landfill gas. Detailed information about the background to the incidents can be obtained from the specific references. 

Neurological injuries that result from a TBI are classified as focal versus diffuse and primary versus secondary (Figure 47.6). Focal injuries occur in confined areas of the brain and are caused by contact forces to the head. Diffuse injuries occur over more widespread brain regions and are caused by inertial forces to the head. Primary and secondary injuries are distinguished based on their cause—primary injuries are caused directly by a TBI, whereas secondary injuries result from downstream effects of the original TBI. As a result, primary injuries occur immediately after the TBI and are associated with necrotic cell death. However, secondary injuries may take hours to weeks to manifest and are generally attributable to apoptotic cell death. The physical and cellular basis for these injuries is discussed. 

The injuries that result from terrorist bombings foUow a specific pattern and, in general, the mortality rates are low (1-5% of victims) with large numbers of injured survivors for every death. On average, between 20 and 50% of survivors will require hospitalisation. 

Plastics and textiles find many uses and add greatly to the quality of modem day life. However, a major problem arises because most of the polymers on which these materials are based are organic and thus flammable. Most deaths due to fire are caused by inhalation of smoke and toxic combustion gases, carbon monoxide being the most common, and serious injuries can result from exposure to the heat involved. What is of major interest in the plastics and textiles industries is not the fact that their products bum but how to render them less likely to ignite and, if they are ignited, to bum much less efficiently. The phenomenon is termed flame retardance . 

Adverse consequences of drinking include a variety of social, legal, medical, and psychiatric problems (Babor et al. 1987, 2003). Alcohol is among the top four causes of mortality in 1988, 107,800 deaths, or about 5% of all deaths in the United States, were attributed to alcohol-related causes (Stinson and DeBakey 1992). Approximately 17% of alcohol-related deaths were directly attributable to alcohol, 38% resulted from diseases indirecdy attributable to alcohol, and 45% were attributable to alcohol-related traumatic injury (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994). Alcohol-related mortality declined during the latter part of the twentieth century. For example, the age-adjusted mortality rate from liver cirrhosis in 1993 (7.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) was just over half the rate in 1970 (14.6 deaths per 100,000) (Saadat-mand et al. 1997), and the proportion of automobile fatalities that was related to the use of alcohol fell to a two-decade low of 33.6% in 1993 (Lane et al. 1997). 

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