Pressure, gauge

From fermentation of added sugar usual gauge pressure about 2.026-6.078 x 10 Pa (2-6 atm) d) Containing anthocyanins and related (red) pigments... 

Wines with excess carbon dioxide, not from refermentation of added sugar Usual gauge pressure about 0.2026-2.026 x 10 Pa (0.2—2.0 atm)... 

Steel tank cats, often lined to minimize iron contamination, are usually employed for high concentrations of sulfuric acid. Bottom outlets or valves are not allowed, nor are internal steam coils. Tank contents must be unloaded via standpipe. Using air pressure to unload is not recommended for safety reasons, but if air pressure is used, gauge pressures should be held at <0.21 MPa (30 psi). 

Pressure and Vacuum. Pressure is usually designated as gauge pressure, absolute pressure, or, if below ambient, vacuum. Pressures are expressed in pascals with appropriate prefixes. When the term vacuum is used, it should be made clear whether negative gauge pressure or absolute pressure is meant. The correct way to express pressure readings is "at a gauge pressure of 13 kPa" or "at an absolute pressure of 13 kPa."... 

Strain-gauge pressure transducers are manufactured in many forms for measuring gauge, absolute, and differential pressures and vacuum. Full-scale ranges from 25.4 mm of water to 10,134 MPa are available. Strain gauges bonded direc tly to a diaphragm pressure-sensitive element usually have an extremely fast response time and are suitable for high-frequency dynamic-pressure measurements. 

Liquid Column Density may be determined by measuring the gauge pressure at the base of a fixed-height hquid column open to the atmosphere. If the process system is closed, then a differential pressure measurement is made between the bottom of the fixed height liquid column and the vapor over the column. If vapor space is not always present, the differential-pressure measurement is made between the bottom and top of a fixed-height column with the top measurement being made at a point below the liquid surface. 

E, Joint quality factor P Design gauge pressure kPa Ibf/im... 

If the gauge pressure at the suction flange is less than atmospheric, requiring use of a vacuum gauge, this reading is used for in Eq. (10-41) with a negative sign. 

A preliminaiy air test at not more than 0.17-MPa (25-lbf iu ) gauge pressure may be made prior to hydrostatic test in order to locate major leaks. 

For gauge pressures in excess of 2068 kPa (300 Ibf in") for one of the fluids, the less expensive construclion has the high-pressure fluid in the tubes. 

For moderate general process requirements at gauge pressures less than 2058 kPa (300 Ibf in ) and less than 177°C (350°F), tube-sheet holes without grooves are standard. For all other sei vices with expanded tubes at least two grooves in each tube hole are common. The number of grooves is sometimes changed to one or three in proportion to tube-sheet thickness. 

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