Organic clay

Soil that has been excavated from the basement is commonly used as backfill against foundation walls. This should not be the case where the site material contains clays and silts, particularly organic clays and silts. If local soils are not appropriate, the builder may use gravel to backfill. 

Japan Niigata Plain Lake deposited organic clay — 25-64 Kubota, Ishiyama and Yokota (2000)... 

Ross and Hendricks (1945) Ancon, Canal Zone, laminated organic clay. 

Scheme 10. Interdigitation and Guest Inclusion in "Organic Clays".

These clays have been hybridized with diverse structural types of components such as nanoparticles, clusters, complex compounds, polymers, molecules, and ions. Their potential apphcations are found in many fields as inorganic catalysts, adsorbents, ceramics, coatings, and even drug delivery carriers. Various preparation methods have been developed such as pillaring, intercalation, and delamination techniques. The representative examples include organic-clay hybrids," metal oxide-pillared clays, " and bioclay hybrids. ... 

Organic-clay nanohybrids can be roughly grouped into two different types by crystalline property, that is, lattice regularity. Depending on the interaction... 

LL > 50 OH Organic clays of ncdluo to high H - I0- poor to very poor, abeepefoot... 

Soft greenish black To grey organic clay... 

Novel layer structure of sodium calix[4]arenesulfonate complexes - a class of organic clay mimics, A. W. Coleman, S. G. Bott, S. D. Morley, C. M. Means, K. D. Robinson,... 

Sorption from Aqueous Solutions by Organic Clays I. 2, 4-D By Bentone 24... 

Sorption to freshly prepared DMBOA-Clay resulted in a sorption of 18 mg of 2,4-D per gram of organic clay see Figure 4). Later work shows strong pH-sorption dependence with a maximum at about pH 3.4 and sorption of about 20.6 mg 2,4-D/gram clay (equal to 100% of area). 

Gulf of Mexico Light brown organic clays 13 - - 0.27-1.0< Perlow (1974) In-situ tests performed using submersible... 

Organic clays and silts Norfolk organic silt 0.05... 

The sulfonate derivatives (Fig. 4A), in which introduction of suitable ligand functions takes place at the para-position of the aromatic ring, are the most widely studied of the w ater-soluble calixarenes. Their solid-state binding to a wide range of metallic cations and complexes was reviewed by Raston and Atwood. The ability of these molecules to intercalate cations in expandable layers between bilayers of para-sulfonato-calix[4]arene led Atwood and Coleman in 1988 to name these systems Organic Clays." (Fig. 4C). Since then. Atwood extended the structural types observed to include liposomal analogues, tubes, and various Archimedian and Platonic solids."... 

As with the inorganic cations, solid-state organic clay bilayer structures are favored by p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene... 

In addition to the method of organizing clay and then adding monomers for polymerization, the one-pot polymerization method has also been proposed [18]. By mixing montmorillonite, caprolactam and phosphoric acid simultaneously in a container and polymerizing them, NCH can be produced quite readily. The dispersed state of the clay mineral and the mechanical properties of specimens produced in this way are the same as those of specimens made by the polymerization method. NCH was successfully synthesized by the one pot technique, and so the process time could be shortened. 

The process of organizing clay using ammonium ions has a considerable impact on the production cost. In order to omit this process, silicate layers of clay (sodium-type montmorUlonite) that are imiformly dispersed in water were turned into slurry form and mixed with a molten resin. The concept of this method is shown in Fig. 11. Clay slurry was injected using first a twin screw extruder and then a screw feeder, and water was removed imder reduced pressme. hi this process, a nanocomposite consisting of nylon and clay minerals uniformly dispersed in nylon was successfully fabricated. This method makes the simplification of the clay organization process possible. 

Table 8 shows the 15N chemical shift of glycine-organized clay and hexamethylene diamine (HMDA). Because glycine contains amphohte ions in the neutral state, the HMDA values were used as the chemical shift values of neutral N. 

The chemical shifts of four types of glycine-organized clays were found to occur midway between the most polarized glycine hydrochloride (15.6 ppm) and neutral HMDA (7.0 ppm). 

OH Organic clays of medium to high plasticity, organic silts Poor to very poor Not suitable Medium High Practically impervious 5 (7-27)... 

Bains, A. S., Boek, E. S., Coveney, P. V, Williams, S. J., and Akbar, M. V. 2001. Molecular modeling of the mechanism of action of organic-clay swelling inhibitors. Molecular Simulation 26 101-145. 

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