Infection and Mortality

Initiation of prophylactic antibiotics is recommended during acute variceal bleeding this is typically done with an oral fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily x 7 days) or an IV third-generation cephalosporin. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy reduces in-hospital infections and mortality in patients hospitalized for variceal bleeding.44... 

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacteria which exists in many forms. The type B form called Hib, commonly produces disease in humans by colonizing the upper respiratory tract of up to 80 percent of the population and is major cause of infection and mortality in children. 

To be healthy with a quality life style is every human s desire. According to documented Indian scriptures dating back to 5000 b.c., nutritional status has always been associated with health [26], Because nutritional depletion due to either changes in the quality or amount of dietary fat intake or abnormalities in lipid metabolism results in immunosuppression and therefore host defense impairment, favoring increased infection and mortality rates. 

S., Manogue, K., Cerami, A., Shires, G. T., and Lowry, S. F. Serum cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in critically ill patients with bums correlates with infection and mortality. Surg., Gynecol. Obstet. 170, 32-38 (1990). 

Tinospora cordifolia has been evaluated in several animal models for immunosuppression. In a model of irreversible cholestasis, Escherichia coli sepsis was created [22]. Rats from the Tinospora cordifolia-lrtdXtd groups resisted Escherichia coli infection and mortality was only 16.7%. Blood cultures of the surviving animals were sterile. In comparison, the control rats showed a mortality of 77.8 % and the blood culture of surviving animals from these groups showed the presence of Escherichia coli. 

Hartenauer U, Thiilig B, Diemer W, et al. Effect of selective flora suppression on colonization, infection, and mortality in critically ill patients a one-year, prospective consecutive study. Crit Care Med 1991 19 463-473. 

Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Vandenbroucke JP. Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit. Lancet 1991 338 859-862. 

FORD s E, HASKIN H H (1987), Infection and mortality patterns in strains of oysters Crassostrea virginica selected for resistance to the parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni MSX. J Parasitol, 73,368-376. 

Viral infections continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality and at the same time continue to be resistant to treatment by small molecules. Avridine (6) is an antiviral compound which has shown some activity in a variety of animal tests apparently based upon its ability to stimulate a number of cells to produce the high molecular weight endogenous antiviral substance interferon. Thus, the compound is believed to operate indirectly by stimulating the body s own natural defenses against viral penetration into host cells. Avridine is synthesized by... 

The dramatic decrease in the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individnals in the last decade, due to the wide use of HAART, has been somewhat tempered by the emergence of mid-long term toxicities. A characteristic body fat redistribntion and metabolic changes, inclnding dyslipidemia and insnlin resistance, are amongst the most prevalent and worrisome consequences (Carr et al. 2003). As HIV-infected individnals have increasing life expectancies, the risk for cardiovascnlar complications has emerged as an important canse of morbidity and mortality and preventive measnres should be considered to minimize their impact (Weber et al. 2006). 

Based on prevalence estimates and mortality rates for the French AIDS epidemic, Lambert (1995) calculated indirect cost by using the human capital approach in 1992 as US 3.054 billion. Future indirect costs up to 2020 were simulated under different scenarios of the HIV prevalence. According to a pessimistic scenario, indirect cost would rise until 2010 (US 9.381 billion) and then keep almost stable until 2020 (US 9.069 billion). If the infection rate could be reduced, indirect costs would decrease to US 1.507 billion in 2020. 

Paice JA, Ferrans CE et al (2000) Topical capsaicin in the management of HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 19(l) 45-52 Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM et al (1998) Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338(13) 853-860... 

Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hemodialysis. The cause of infection is usually related to organisms found on the skin, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Other organisms have also been found to cause access-related infections. The greatest risk to patients receiving hemodialysis is the development of... 

Solid-organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of infectious diseases, which is a major cause of early morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of posttransplant infection depends... 

Fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. Immunologic (e.g.,... 

O Comorbidities with the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality associated with rheumatoid arthritis are (1) cardiovascular disease, (2) infections, (3) malignancy, and (4) osteoporosis. 

RA reduces a patient s average life expectancy by 3 to 10 years, but RA alone rarely causes death.11,12 Instead, specific comorbidities contribute to premature death independent of safety issues surrounding the use of immunomodula-ting medications. O The comorbidities with the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality associated with RA are (1) cardiovascular disease, (2) infections, (3) malignancy, and (4) osteoporosis.11,12... 

Because patient with SCD have impaired splenic function, they are less adequately protected against encapsulated organisms such as S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Salmonella. The use of pneumococcal vaccine in SCD patients has decreased the rates of morbidity and mortality dramatically. However, there are still groups of SCD children who continue to have high rates of invasive pneumococcal infections.17 Two pneumococcal vaccines are available. The 7-valent conjugate... 

Prompt initiation of intravenous high-dose cidal antimicrobial therapy directed at the most likely pathogen (s) is essential due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with CNS infections parenteral (intravenous) therapy is administered for the full course of therapy for CNS infections to ensure adequate CSF penetration throughout the course of treatment. 

The goals of therapy for NF include eradication of infection and reduction of related morbidity and mortality. 

The most feared complication of infected diabetic foot ulcers is LEA. Diabetic patients are approximately 40 times more likely to require an amputation than nondiabetics.34 Morbidity and mortality rates are high following amputation. Mortality ranges from 40% to 80% after 5 years, generally secondary to comorbid conditions, including heart and renal disease.28,30... 

Educate the patient on the importance of taking prophylactic antibiotics prior to having any dental or surgical procedure in an effort to prevent the future development of another infection. Stress the potential complications as well as the morbidity and mortality that are associated with IE and that taking precautions can minimize or prevent them. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update Fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection, and revisions in the American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 2001 50(34) 733-735. 

Appropriate empiric anti-infective therapy decreases 28-day mortality. Appropriate therapy administered within 1 hour of the recognition of sepsis decreases complications and mortality. 

Appropriate empiric anti-infective therapy decreases 28-day mortality compared to inappropriate empiric therapy (24% versus 39%).22 23,30 Additionally, appropriate therapy administered within 1 hour of sepsis recognition also decreases complications and mortality.22-23,30 Empiric anti-infective therapy should include one, two, or three drugs, depending on the site of infection and causative pathogens (Table 79-3). Anti-infective clinical trials in sepsis and septic shock patients are scarce and have not demonstrated differences among agents therefore, factors that determine selection are ... 

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