Industrial wastewater applications

At a site in Puerto Rico, a 30-kW Rayox-F (UV/fenton) unit was used in an industrial wastewater application to treat chemical oxygen demand (COD). The unit, which had a flow rate of 1 m /day, had an operating and maintenance cost of 44.32/m (D22279H,... 

Membrane technology has been applied to various types of wastewater. The largest number of installations is probably for industrial wastewater applications, however, municipal wastewater is largest in volume treated. The emphasis of wastewater treatment by membranes in this chapter will be for municipal waste-water treatment. 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the critical factors contributing to MBR process performance and to report recent advancanents in key areas. Coverage is directed toward manbrane separation bioreactors, although recent developments in manbrane biofilm reactors will be briefly discussed. Much of the current MBR research effort is directed toward municipal wastewater applications however, substantial commonalities exist with respect to industrial wastewater application, and where possible, reference is made to the specific aspects of the technology when applied to the treatment of industrial wastewater. 

The use of GAC for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters has developed rapidly in the last 25 years. Moving beds, downflow fixed beds and upflow expanded beds have all been used in industrial wastewater applications. In most wastewater applications, the cost of virgin carbon usually precludes its use on a throwaway basis, so the thermal reactivation of hard, coal-based carbons has proved to be both economical and practicable. Chemical regeneration is generally limited to applications where partial recovery of capacity is acceptable and regenerant disposal is not a problem. 

D. L. Ford, "Application of the Total Carbon Analy2er for Industrial Wastewater Evaluation" ia Proceedings 23rdIndustrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1968. 

As indicated above, industrial wastewater contains avast array of pollutants in soluble, colloidal, and particulate forms, both inorganic and organic. In addition, the required effluent standards are also diverse, varying with the industrial and pohutant class. Consequently, there can be no standard design for industrial water-pohution control. Rather, each site requires a customized design to achieve optimum performance. However, each of the many proven processes for industrial waste treatment is able to remove more than one type of pollutant and is in general applicable to more than one industry. In the sections that follow, waste-treatment processes are discussed more from the... 

One of the most important applications of RO is in the reclamation of large volumes of municipal and industrial wastewaters and the concentration of the solids for... 

The application of a dynamic PCA strategy to a full-scale industrial wastewater treatment plant has demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed dynamic process monitoring approach. The methodology is relatively simple, only based on the historical operation data sets, and can easily be applied to most biological wastewater treatment processes. 

Vourch et al49 studied the applicability of the RO process for the dairy industry wastewater. The treated wastewater total organic carbon (TOC) was <7 mg/L. It was found that in order to treat a flow of 100 m3/d, 540 m2 of the RO unit is required with 95% water recovery. Dead-end NF and RO were studied for the treatment of dairy wastewater.50 Permeate COD, monovalent ion rejection, and multivalent ion rejection for the dead-end NF were reported as 173-1095 mg/L, 50-84%, and 92.4-99.9%, respectively. When it comes to the dead-end RO membranes, the values for permeate COD, monovalent ion removal, and multivalent ion removal were 45-120 mg/L, >93.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. Membrane filtration technology can be better utilized as a tertiary treatment technology and the resultant effluent quality will be high. There can be situations where the treated effluents can be reused (especially if RO is used for the treatment). 

Copper concentrations in air, soil, water, sediments, and other abiotic materials are elevated as a result of human activities, especially near copper smelters and mines, urban areas, municipal and industrial wastewater outfalls, marinas containing copper-based antifouling paints, and agricultural soils receiving prolonged applications of copper-based fungicides (Table 3.2). Maximum copper... 

LLE has been used in the past for the extraction of pesticides from environmental water samples [17]. However, its application in the extraction of waste-water samples is scarce due to the low efficiency of extraction, especially for polar analytes. Because of the vast amount of surfactants and natural products present in wastewater samples, emulsions are formed which complicate the process of extraction and lead to low extraction recoveries. However, there have been some useful applications of LLE to wastewater analyses. For example, LLE was found to be effective for the isolation of herbicide and pesticide organic compounds from industrial wastewater samples and also from complex matrices [18]. 

Industrial wastewater, oxygen demand and organic carbon in, 25 887t Industrial wastewater flow, 25 885 Industrial wastewater pollution control, ozone use in, 17 808-809 Industrial wastewater treatment. See also Industrial water treatment activated carbon application, 4 752-753 and bioremediation, 3 755 Industrial water treatment, 26 125-150 biofouling in, 26 146-149... 

Tab. 13.5. This reduction rate is based on water inlet concentration and NF-permeate outlet concentration. It has to be kept in mind, however, that part of the COD will also be removed from the system by excess sludge, so that the reduction rate numbers are not indicative for the COD conversion rate. COD reduction in the treatment of industrial wastewater is 95%, while in the treatment of landfill leachates lower elimination rates have been found. However, in the treatment of landfill leachates, the application of NF as the second treatment step increased the COD reduction rate by 9 to 17% compared with the process without NF.

Mock, B. Hamouda, H. Ozone application to color destruction of industrial wastewater - Part I Experimental. Am. Dyest. Rep. 1998, 87, 18-22. 

Wong, J.M. Technologies and case histories for industrial wastewater recovery and reuse. Proceedings, Seminar on Application of Biotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC, October 30, 2002. 

The identification and quantitation of potentially toxic substances in the environment requires the application of sophisticated analytical techniques. Ideally, these should exactly identify each of several hundred compounds present in very complex mixtures even though each species may have an environmental concentration of less than a part per billion. The most generally useful and widely employed analytical tool which meets these requirements is gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). In this paper, we will briefly review sample isolation methods which are used with GCMS and present two case studies on the organic compounds in industrial wastewaters and river systems which demonstrate these and other principles. 

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to treat or stabilize contaminated soils, sediments, or water. Plants provide and support remediation processes in many ways. Common applications of phytoremediation-based systems include remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, reuse of municipal wastewater and biosolids, reuse of industrial wastewater and by-products, alternative landfill capping and erosion control, and landfill leachate reuse. 

This technology is applicable to the treatment of industrial wastewater and contaminated groundwater. The same technology can also be used to effectively destroy airborne contaminants in the off-gases from industrial processes, air strippers, or soil vapor extraction operations. 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

There ate many environmental applications of adsorption in practice and many others are being developed (Noble and Terry, 2004). Activated carbons and clays are frequently used for the removal of organic contaminants, such as phenol and aniline, both of which are prevalent in industry wastewaters and are known to have a significant negative impact on marine life and human health (IRIS, 1998 Dabrowski et al., 2005). Moreover, the adsorption on inexpensive and efficient solid supports has been considered a simple and economical viable method for the removal of dyes from water and wastewater (Forgacsa et al., 2004). Activated carbon, clays, coal, vermiculite, and other adsorbents have been used for this purpose. Specifically, adsorption can be employed in (Noble and Terry, 2004 Dabrowski, 2001) ... 

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