Industrial research number

After the Second World War, the technical innovations, both in steelmaking and in the physical metallurgy of steels, continued apace. A number of industrial research laboratories were set up around the world, of which perhaps the most influential was the laboratory of the US Steel Corporation in Pennsylvania, where some world-... 

A number of academic and industry research papers into consumer behaviour and motivation for buying organic food are now available. The results so far have been inconsistent and, at times, contradictory. However, this may be due to the different methodologies used. 

A rigorous discussion of this extensive subject is beyond the scope of this book, and an extensive treatment is also probably not justified at this point in time. There has been a lot of interest by academia and by industry in these methods, but the jury is still out as to their real practical utility in chemical engineering processes with their very high order, nonlinearity, unknown noise properties, and frequent and unmeasurable load disturbances. Several industrial researchers have reported successful applications. But other industrial reports indicate a significant number of failures, or at least a lack of significant improvement in control over more simple conventional methods. 

While it is difficult to determine the actual number of Aftican Americans employed as chemists (all degree levels) in major industrial research laboratories in 1940, Ferguson claimed that there were at least 300. However, he speculated that most were probably employed as technicians or on the lower professional levels because they published little and were not widely known in black professional... 

An important corollary of these changes has been the growing connection between university and industry research activities. Schwartzman and Cognato report that the number of scientific publications authored by researchers at industry laboratories rose sharply in the years between 1973 and 1986. However, they indicate that this result does not apply to all companies (p. 850). 

Berndt, Cockburn, and Grepin (2005) employ the number of medical indications to measure pharmaceutical innovation. A substantial share of industry research and development expenditures, estimated at between 25% and 30% (p. 45), is directed toward finding new indications for existing products. Berndt et al. use the term incremental innovation to describe these efforts. For the three therapeutic areas they examined, the number of FDA approvals for new indications increased substantially in the past decade (p. 27). In addition, the greater number of approved indications has led to increased utilizations of the drugs concerned (p. 41). On that basis, they maintain that reported declines in pharmaceutical research productivity are overstated. 

The Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is engaged in a number of projects relating to CO2 sequestration, including ... 

Comments on late drafts of chapters were made by a number of the authors colleagues, particularly Dr. W. McCoy (Office of Saline Water), Chapter II Prof. R. M. Fuoss (Yale), Chapter III Prof. R. Stokes (Armidale), Chapter IV Dr. R. Parsons (Bristol), Chapter VII Prof. A. N. Frumkin (Moscow), Chapter VIII Dr. H. Wroblowa, Chapter X Prof. R. Staehle (Ohio State), Chapter XI. One of the authors (A.K.N.R.) wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to the authorities of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, for various facilities, not the least of which were extended leaves of absence. He wishes also to thank his wife and children for sacrificing many precious hours which rightfully belonged to them. 

Identification of crystals under the microscope. Of the characteristics which are most useful for identification purposes the most readily determined are shape and refractive indices, The determinative method which has proved most valuable for microscopic crystals (such as those in the average experimental or industrial product) is to measure the principal refractive indices (up to three in number, depending on the symmetry of the crystal) and, if possible, to find the orientation of the principal opticafdirections with respect to the geometrical form of the crystal. This information, which can all be obtained by simple and rapid microscopio methods, is usually sufficient to identify any crystalline substances whose properties have previously been recorded. Mixtures of two or more crystalline substances can be identified by the same method in phase equilibrium studies and in industrial research it is not uncommon to encounter mixtures of three or four constituents, all of which can be identified in this way. 

The importance of polymer composites can be judged in terms of more than four thousand publications in the last ten years. Additionally, several monographs1 4) have also been published, not to mention the considerable number of patents. Finally, it is worth noting that at international conferences 5> 6) concerning polymer composites a notable proportion of the contributors came from industrial research laboratories. 

Catalysis is an important field in both academic and industrial research because it leads to more efficient reactions in terms of energy consumption and waste production. The common feature of these processes is a catalytically active species which forms reactive intermediates by coordination of an organic ligand and thus decreases the activation energy. Formation of the product should occur with regeneration of the catalytically active species. The efficiency of the catalyst can be described by its turnover number, providing a measure of how many catalytic cycles are passed by one molecule of catalyst. 

There is no question from what we have heard that university research is of increasing importance to industry and that this is controversial. Big companies have been neglecting basic research. For example, the number of publications from IBM and Bell Laboratories dropped by a factor of 2 between 1985 and 1995. At this rate it is clear that universities will be of increasing importance to industrial research. Within the industrial portfolio, there are high-risk/high-reward investments and there are low-risk/incremental improvement investments. Universities can, in principle, be leveraged for benefits in both scenarios, but in reality universities are much better suited to the former. 

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