Chemists industrial research

This development towards an ecologically and-from an industrial point of view—economically less critical catalytic system based on thermomorphic liuorous catalysts broadens the toolbox of the industrial research chemist and should be taken into consideration in future developments of chemical... 

Industrial research chemist Chemists in this profession perform a large number of physical and chemical tests on materials. They may develop new products, and they may work on improving existing products. They may work with particular customers to formulate products that meet specific needs. They may also supply technical support to customers. 

The first illustration of the theme is provided by reference to the paradigm for the semiconducting polymer field, polyacetylene. This curious material was first produced by the obvious route namely, direct addition polymerisation of acetylene over a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, indeed the reaction was first conducted in Natta s laboratories. The product, an intractable, air sensitive powder, was shown to have a predominantly trans vinylene microstructure. Two American industrial research chemists. Berets and Smith, demonstrated that compressed pellets of polyacetylene prepared by Natta s route were semiconductors whose conductivity could be varied by exposure to volatile donors like anunonia (conductivity decreases) or acceptors like iodine (conductivity increases). Subsequently, apparently as a result of a serendipitous event in Shirakawa s laboratory, it was found that interfacial polymerisation of acetylene at the surface of a high... 

Riaz Khan, Ph.D., Industrial research chemist. Education at Bristol Univ. Joined staff of Tate Lyle, Ltd., in 1968. Many papers on carbohydrate reactions and analyses. Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, Tate Lyle, Ltd., P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2BX, England. 

Compare the creation of jobs for industrial chemists in the innovative dye industry with the situation in the British alkali industry studied by Donnelly (this volume). For a general account of the profession of industrial research chemists see E. Homburg, Emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry 1870-1900 , British Journal for the History of Science, 25 (1992), 91-112, and the contribution by Reinhardt to this volume. Reinhardt is correct in stating that research laboratories in the industry evolved before, and without respect to, the presence of a patent law. Nevertheless patent laws and other devices for legally granting monopoly on chemical inventions for chemical inventions did encourage laboratory research in later decades. 

Fig. 5.1-8. Industrial research chemists versus Census chemists, 1920-1960. (See Table 2.2, column 1 and Table 5.5, column 5.)...

Industrial research chemists versus Census chemists, 1920-1960 119... 

Standard Analytical Methods, Com Industries Research Eoundation, Washington, D.C., binder is constantly updated with new and revised methods. K. Helrich, ed.. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Off dal Analytical Chemists, 15th ed., Arlington, Va., 1990. 

In future a third new group will be required, according to another preliminary statement published quite recently by a team of Australian chemists, Messrs. Hughes, Lahey, Price and Webb. They have isolated six alkaloids from three rutaceous species of that country, five of which have been definitely shown to be acridine derivatives. This appears to be the fiipst-fruits of a survey of the type referred to above, which is being carried out on the Australian flora under the auspices of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and several of the Australian Universities. ... 

An exhaustive director) of resources on the web for chemists in varied fields industrial, research, and academia. 

The aim of the series is to present the latest fundamental material for research chemists, lecturers and students across the breadth of the subject, reaching into the various applications of theoretical techniques and modelling. The series concentrates on teaching the fundamentals of chemical structure, symmetry, bonding, reactivity, reaction mechanism, solid-state chemistry and applications in molecular modelling. It will emphasize the transfer of theoretical ideas and results to practical situations so as to demonstrate the role of theory in the solution of chemical problems in the laboratory and in industry. 

From discussions with many people now worldng with ionic liquids, we know that, at least for the start of their work, the ability to buy an ionic liquid was important. In fact, a synthetic chemist searching for the ideal solvent for his or her specific application usually takes solvents that are ready for use on the shelf of the laboratory. The additional effort of synthesizing a new special solvent can rarely be justified, especially in industrial research. Of course, this is not only true for ionic liquids. Very probably, nobody would use acetonitrile as a solvent in the laboratory if they had to synthesize it before use. 

From 1941 until he came to Picatinny Arsenal, Dr. Fedoroff worked in private industry in the field of explosives and propellants. He joined the staff of the Picatinny Arsenal Technical Division as a research chemist in 1946, and remained until his retirement in 1961. In addition to the Encyclopedia, his major publications include A Manual for Explosives Laboratories , 4 volumes... 

Whether butadiene reacts with itself to give linear polymers or 8- or 12-carbon rings is a function of the catalyst and conditions used. Development of catalysts needed to give the desired products is the job of catalyst research chemists. Although catalysis is critically important in the chemical industry and much work has been done on it in research laboratories for many years, catalyst development remains more of an art than a predictable science, and the chemists involved in this type of research use methods they have learned experimentally, not from books or in classrooms. 

Many academic texts are available to teach chemists the fundamental tools of their trade, but few books are designed to give future industrial research and development chemists the knowledge they need to contribute, with confidence and relevance, to the development of new environmentally benign chemical technology. This book aims to be a handbook for those chemists attempting to develop new processes and products for the twenty-first century, which meet the evermore stringent demands of a society that wants new products with improved performance, and with a lower financial and environmental price tag. 

The research chemist both in academia and in industry profits from the application of metrics such as mass index (equation (5.1)), environmental factor (equation (5.2)) and cost index (equation (5.3)). Therefore, one purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how to apply such metrics and what kind of information can be obtained from them. Some of their potential application areas are indicated in Box 5.1. 

Even as Carothers was explaining the fundamental nature of large biological molecules, he orchestrated a miraculous two weeks in the history of industrial research. During April 1930, he and his team invented not only Neoprene, the first high-grade synthetic rubber, but also polyester, the first synthetic fiber that closely resembled silk. It was a dazzling accomplishment that can still make industrial chemists starry-eyed. 

The Chemist s View. The Forum on the Future of Industrial Research, sponsored by Standard Oil Development Company, Oct. 5, 1944. [Later published in Chemical and Engineering News. 22 (Oct. 25, 1944) 1756-1760.] Kettering file 17/38. Source for Midgley s last speech, delivered by telephone. 

Many laboratory syntheses of important structural types of compounds are too long or complex to work well in manufacturing. Chemists working in the process area are thus often engaged in inventing new approaches that use the most modern reactions, in order to develop compact synthetic schemes with small numbers of acceptable steps. The modern reactions that make this possible are being invented by chemists involved in basic discovery and creation, usually in universities. The pressure on industrial process chemists to develop practical schemes for manufacturing important products means that they do not normally have the time for the basic research that can lead to new chemical reactions. 

Compounds should be selected for testing on the basis of an evaluation of potential exposure and likelihood of their causing adverse effects. The first evaluation is best achieved by including the research chemist, industrial hygienist, and/or... 

Many industrial polymer chemists will have observed this phenomonon in the early days e.g. van der Ven, S. van Leeuwen, P.W. N. M 1969, Shell Research, unpublished. 

While it is difficult to determine the actual number of Aftican Americans employed as chemists (all degree levels) in major industrial research laboratories in 1940, Ferguson claimed that there were at least 300. However, he speculated that most were probably employed as technicians or on the lower professional levels because they published little and were not widely known in black professional... 

The status of chemists in the eyes of executives was boosted by the successes of chemists in fields such as plastics, petrochemicals, and synthetic textiles. The industry s growing demand for trained chemists forged a new relationship with many academic chemistry departments. For example, universities supplied industry with chemists and with basic research to supplement work done in industrial laboratories. In turn, industry provided financial support to chemistry departments. Many of the increasing number of chemistry students in American universities were supported by pre- and post- doctoral fellowships from chemical corporations (Thackray et al., 1985). 

I don t think there have been enough black research chemists. Most of the blacks in the past have been at black institutions where there was not an opportunity to do frontier research. They haven t had the opportunity to really contribute. 1 don t think blacks have had the time to devote to research. Take someone like Percy Julian, who did not become a prolific publisher until he left Howard University. I think that is tme with most of the well-published blacks. If they have done a lot of publishing, it has been in an industrial setting or at a major research university. 

Academe. In academe, more interviewees at historically white colleges and universities cited difficulties associated with tenure, and promotion beyond the associate professor level. Indeed, many interviewees who took non-academic appointments expressed concern about pursuing an academic career because of the subjectivity of the tenure process and the lower salary levels relative to those in industry. Several chemists at research universities said that they were unable to recruit top graduate students in their department - even when they had funded projects. In fact, some interviewees claimed to have knowledge of well-trained chemists leaving academic chemistry out of fmstration because their research was stymied without students. These claims require further investigation. 

In summary, allelochemical research has generated enormous excitement for organic chemists, natural product chemists, biochemists, and industrial researchers. Many allelopathlc compounds remain to be isolated and characterized. In order to commercialize the allelopathlc products, there is a lot of hard and tedious work ahead of us. But I believe it will be a rewarding and exciting job. Maybe in eight to ten years, we will hear of many allelopathlc products from the farmers and researchers. 

---