Industrial activities emissions

During the forties and fifties, episodes of severe air pollution occurred In a number of urban and Industrial areas. They were responsible for 111 health and In some cases caused death among the populations concerned. As the scientific and public Information base on the adverse effects of urban air pollution Increased, so did public demand for control measures. As a result, many Industrial countries Introduced comprehensive air pollution control laws at various times from the mid-fifties onwards. Industrial response to these laws led to the application of control techniques which effectively reduced the emissions of some pollutants. However there are other sources and factors which can obscure the benefits of these control actions. For example, consider urban growth. In 1980 there were 35 cities with populations over 4 million. By the year 2000 this number will nearly double to 66, and by the 2025, this number will more than double to an estimated 135 (9). In developing countries, from 1980 to the year 2000, It Is estimated that twice as many people will live In cities of a total population of 1 million or more In Latin America (101 million to 232 million) and East Asia (132 million to 262 million). Three times as many people will live In cities of 1 million or more In South Asia (106 million to 328 million) and four times as many In Africa (36 million to 155 million) (10). Accompanying this rapid growth are Increases In Industrial activity... 

The BiodeNOx process is a novel process concept to reduce NO emissions from flue gases of stationary sources like power plants and other industrial activities [1]. The concept combines a wet chemicd absorption process with a novel biotechnological regeneration method. In the wet chemical absorption step, flue gas components are absorbed into an aqueous solution of Fe"(EDTA) (EDTA= ethylme-diamino-tetraacetic acid). The following reactions take place ... 

The purpose of chemical processes is not to make chemicals the purpose is to make money. However, the profit must be made as part of a sustainable industrial activity. Chemical processes should be designed as part of a sustainable industrial activity that retains the capacity of ecosystems to support both industrial activity and life into the future. Sustainable industrial activity must meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. For chemical process design, this means that processes should use raw materials as efficiently as is economic and practicable, both to prevent the production of waste that can be environmentally harmful and to preserve the reserves of raw materials as much as possible. Processes should use as little energy as economic and practicable, both to prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and to preserve reserves of fossil fuels. Water must also be consumed in sustainable quantities that do not cause deterioration in the quality of the water source and the long-term quantity of the reserves. Aqueous and atmospheric emissions must not be environmentally harmful, and solid waste to landfill must be avoided. 

The European Commission has adopted a directive which limits the emission of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain industrial activities. The directive sets emission limits for these compounds and lays down operating conditions for industrial installations. In addition, under the directive, new installations must be registered or be authorised to carry out their activities. Further requirements of the directive are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL... 

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, as such, have not foreseen C02 capture and storage as a means of emissions reduction. The UNFCCC defined emissions as, The release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere, (Article 1(4), UNFCCC, 1992). Consequently, C02 captured at source and stored outside the atmosphere is not an emission according to the definition in the Convention. Since industrial activity with CCS (and a theoretical 100% capture rate) does not create emissions according to the UNFCCC definition, one could interpret the action of C02 capture and storage as an emission reduction. Purdy and Macrory (2004) point out that this... 

Akimoto, H and H. Narita, Distribution of S02, NO, and C02 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and Industrial Activities in Asia with 1° X 1° Resolution, Atmos. Environ., 28, 213-225 (1994). 

At the local level, air pollution concerns a region within a 5-km radius. It is characterized by high concentrations of specific pollutants that may come from automobiles or industrial activities in that region. For example, emissions from vehicles can lead to high concentrations of carbon monoxide near traffic-jammed roads. High buildings and the terrain can also contribute to high local concentrations of pollutants. 

On January 25, 2000, die committee referred to in Article 19 of IPPC Directive gave a favorable opinion of a draft Commission Decision on die implementation of a European Pollutant Emission Register. The Commission Decision (2000/479/EC), to be referred to as die EPER Decision, was adopted on July 17, 2000. According to the EPER Decision, member states shall report to the Commission on emissions into ah and water from all individual facilities widi one or more activities as mentioned in Annex I to the IPPC Directive. The provided data will be made publicly accessible and disseminated on the Internet. Specifically, EPER is a publicly accessible register with emission data diat enables the Commission and national governments to monitor the trends in annual emissions of large industrial activities covered by Annex I of the IPPC Directive (Commission Decision, 2000). 

Dust (especially from industrial activities) and salt spray will also exacerbate atmospheric corrosion (Section 16.4). In enclosed industrial premises, atmospheric corrosion could be minimized by preventing noxious emissions, filtering the air to remove particulate matter, and scrubbing the air with water to remove SO2 and other objectionable gases, although the humidity should itself be kept as low as possible (e.g., steam leaks should not be tolerated). On the global scale, however, the cost to the public of atmospheric corrosion could be substantially reduced by sharply limiting SO2 and, to a lesser extent, NO. emissions from power plants, smelters, automobiles, and other industrial functions. This is an aspect of the acid rain threat (Chapter 8) that is usually overlooked. 

McCulloch A, Aucott ML, Benkovitz CM, Graedel TE, Kleiman G, Midgley PM, Li YF (1999) Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Chloromethane from Coal Combustion, Incineration, and Industrial Activities Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory. 

Published data on PCDD/Fs in the environment of the PRD is still limited. A short-term sampling scheme was conducted to determine the levels of particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo- -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Guangzhou atmosphere and evaluate the impact of PCDD/ Fs to inhabitants. Samples were collected from four different districts of Guangzhou. The results showed that industrial activities had more influences on levels of PCDD/Fs in the sampled districts. The mean PCDD/Fs concentrations (i.e., mean I-TEQ values) of Huadu district, Liwan district, Tianhe district and Huangpu district were 3815-26,530 fg m-3 (104.6-769.3 fgl-TEQ m-3). Emission source analysis indicated that small diffuse sources were relatively important (Yu et al., 2006). 

As PAHs are widespread contaminants produced as a result of natural cycles (e.g., forest fires, plant decomposition and petrogenesis), as well as industrial activities, identification of anthropogenic PAHs contaminant sources is a challenge, particularly as atmospheric emissions are subject to long-range atmospheric transportation processes (Lockhart et al., 1992 ... 

Ihe specific information used to provide estimates of activity levels varies with the emission source sector being examined. For utilities, fuel use is desired. For the industrial sector, information on fuel use alone is not adequate since many industrial process emissions do not result from fuel combustion. Usually, some approximation for product output, such as estimates of value added or earnings, is often used. For motor vehicle emissions, estimates of vehicle miles traveled is more useful than fuel use because most emissions are unrelated to vehicle efficiency, i.e., a small car emits about the same amount of pollution per mile as a larger car. 

Some issues regarding technological achievements, with or without zeolites, by catalysis for pollution abatment have been reviewed recently (2, 3), as well as an review of the best available technologies for reducing NOx and N2O emissions from industrial activities (4). 

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