Long range atmospheric transport

Spencer, W.F., Cliath, M.M. (1990) Movement of pesticides from soil to the atmosphere. In Long Range Transport of Pesticides. 

Rodhe, H. Cmtzen, P.J. Vanderpol, A., 1981 Formation of Sulfuric Acid in the Atmosphere During Long Range Transport , in Tellus, 33 132-141. 

Critchfield, H. ]., "General Climatology," 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N], 1983. Knap, A. H, (ed.), "The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Natural and Contaminant Substances." Kluwer Academic Press, Hingham, MA, 1989. 

Matheson, D.H. Elder, F.C., Eds. Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters, J. Great Lakes Res., Suppliment 2, pp 225. National Academy of Science, Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control, Comm, on Nat. Resources, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, U.S. Gov t Print. Office, Washington, DC, 1975. Whelpdale, D.M. (Chair) Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants A Summary Report of the Ad Hoc Committee, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1976. 

Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants, Research and Monitoring Coordinating Conunittee, Canada LRTAP Assessment, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1990,7 Volumes. 

Evidence of Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and Deposition... 

The relatively short predicted half-life of trichloroethylene in the atmosphere indicates that long-range global transport is unlikely (Class and Ballschmiter 1986). However, its constant release, as well as its role as an intermediate in tetrachloroethylene degradation, may account for its persistence and the fact that trichloroethylene is often present in remote areas. 

Johansson K, Bergback B, Tyler G. 2001. Impact of atmospheric long range transport of lead, mercury and cadmium on the Swedish forest environment. Water, Air Soil PoUut Focus 1 279-297. 

Jackson TA. 1997. Long-range atmospheric transport of mercury to ecosystems, and the importance of anthropogenic emissions — a critical review and evaluation of the published evidence. Environ Rev 5 99-120. 

Long-range atmospheric transport of Hg from fossil fuel combustion and solid waste incineration has increased Hg in freshwater and biota. In the United States, combustion of fossil fuels for power generation is estimated to generate about 30% of the total release of Hg into the atmosphere (Harriss and Hohenemser, 1978). One in every three lakes in the United States and nearly one-quarter of the nation s rivers contain various pollutants, including Hg (CNN, 2004). Forty States in the U.S. have issued advisories for methylmercury on selected water-bodies, and 13 states have statewide advisories for some or all sportfish from rivers or lakes (USGS, 2000). Fish consumption advisories for methylmercury account for more than three-quarters of all fish consumption advisories. 

A parameter which determines the atmospheric lifetime of DDT and, hence, long-range transport is the reaction rate coefficient with the OH radicals. In a recent... 

The oceanic burden in December 2004 shows the contamination of the ocean after 50 years of PFOA emissions (Figure 3.14). Highest PFOA burden is located in the northern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Arctic ocean. Contaminations of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific can be related to the vicinity to the oceanic source. PFOA in remote regions, however, such as in the Arctic must have been transported via atmosphere or ocean. MPI-MTCM does not simulate degradation of PFOA from volatile, highly mobile precursor substances, that contribute to the ocean burden in the Arctic by deposition. Then annual dry and wet deposition rates of PFOA in the model are small compared to the mass emitted directly to the ocean. This implies that the burden in the Arctic is results mainly from oceanic long-range transport. 

Due to its chemical inertness, vaporizable nature (enthalpy of vaporization = 59.15 kJ/mol), and low water solubility (at 20°C, 2 x 10 6 g/g), elemental mercury vapor has over one year of residence time, long-range transport, and global distribution in the atmosphere [3-8]. 

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