Chlorine reactivities

Table 9. Chlorinated Reactive Flame Retardants and Intermediates ...

In the second case, the phenoxide is monofunctional, but the chloro-monomer is difunctional. This reaction provided a test of the relative reactivities of the two chlorines on 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone. Figure 5 does show a slight curvature which indicates a difference in the reactivities. Using Equations 8 and 9, the reaction rate constants (fci and k2) were determined to be 0.10 and 0.053 liter/mole-min. Therefore, the assumption of equal chlorine reactivity (which was made in deriving these equations for the polymerization reaction) is not entirely correct. A complete theoretical analysis would be very involved at least two more reaction rate constants would be necessary, and the experimental data obtained would not be sufficient to determine all of these constants. 

The free-radical reaction of propane with bromine. This 97 3 ratio of products shows that bromine abstracts a secondary hydrogen 97 times as rapidly as a primary hydrogen. Bromination (reactivity ratio 97 1) is much more selective than chlorination (reactivity ratio 4.5 1). 

Chlorine Chemistry in ODEs and Br-Cl Interactions MARINE BOUNDARY LAYER. 4.1 Sea Salt Aerosols Reactive Chlorine Reactive Bromine Reactive Iodine Surface Segregation Effects IMPACT OF HALOGEN CHEMISTRY ON SPECIES OTHER THAN OZONE. 5.1 Alkanes. 5.2 Mercury. 5.3 Sulfur SALT LAKES... 

Halogen substituents in these ring systems tend to be susceptible to nucleophilic displacement. The most common arrangement is a chlorine substituent on the carbon of a C=N group, and this behaves like a cyclic imidoyl chloride. Thus, the chlorine atom in (100) is displaced by amines (Equation (18)) <73AG(E)869>. Similarly (101) contains a chlorine reactive towards nucleophilic displacement (Equation (19)) <72BCJ1567>. 

The nitrochlorobenzenes are valuable dyestufTs intermediates. The presence of the nitro-groups makes the chlorine atom very reactive and easily replaceable. Treatment with ammonia or dilute alkalis substitutes an amino- or hydroxy-group for the chlorine atom and gives a series of nilroanilines and nilrophenols. 

A second family is based on isobutene polymers (PIB) having molecular weights from 600 to 2000 that are equally important raw materials for detergent additives. So as to render them reactive with the hydrophilic part, they can be chlorinated or condensed with the maleic anhydride. A third way is based on the utilization of polypropylphenols of molecular weights between 600 and 3000. 

Kandel S A and Zare R N 1998 Reaction dynamics of atomic chlorine with methane importance of methane bending and tortional excitation in controlling reactivity J. Chem. Phys. 109 9719-27... 

Barone M E and Graves D B 1995 Molecular dynamics simulations of direct reactive ion etching of silicon by fluorine and chlorine J. Appi. Phys. 78 6604-15... 

Bromine has a lower electron affinity and electrode potential than chlorine but is still a very reactive element. It combines violently with alkali metals and reacts spontaneously with phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. When heated it reacts with many other elements, including gold, but it does not attack platinum, and silver forms a protective film of silver bromide. Because of the strong oxidising properties, bromine, like fluorine and chlorine, tends to form compounds with the electropositive element in a high oxidation state. 

Chlorine forms several very reactive, unstable oxides. Dichlorine monoxide CI2O is a yellowish gas at room temperature, the liquid... 

Liquid chlorine dioxide, ClOj, boils at 284 K to give an orange-yellow gas. A very reactive compound, it decomposes readily and violently into its constituents. It is a powerful oxidising agent which has recently found favour as a commercial oxidising agent and as a bleach for wood pulp and flour. In addition, it is used in water sterilisation where, unlike chlorine, it does not produce an unpleasant taste. It is produced when potassium chlorate(V) is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, the reaction being essentially a disproportionation of chloric(V) acid ... 

Fluorine in the free state is too reactive to be of a direct practical value, but it may be used to prepare other compounds of fluorine, which are then used as fluorinating agents, for example chlorine... 

Dinitrophenylhydrazine is a very important reagent for the identification of aldehydes and ketones (pp. 342, 346). It is readily prepared from chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (I). In the latter compound the chlorine is very reactive in... 

Dinitrophenol may be readily prepared by taking advantage of the great reactivity of the chlorine atom in 2 4-dinitro-l-chlorobenzene ... 

Another teat, which indicates the reactivity of the halogen atom (chlorine and bromine), is based upon the fact that sodium chloride and sodium bromide are sparingly soluble in pure acetone ... 

It consists in treating a solution of sodium iodide in pure acetone with the organic compound. The reaction is probably of the S 2 type involving a bimolecular attack of the iodide ion upon the carbon atom carrying the chlorine or bromine the order of reactivities of halides is primary > secondary > tertiary and Br > Cl. 

Kinetic data are available for the nitration of a series of p-alkylphenyl trimethylammonium ions over a range of acidities in sulphuric acid. - The following table shows how p-methyl and p-tert-h xty augment the reactivity of the position ortho to them. Comparison with table 9.1 shows how very much more powerfully both the methyl and the tert-butyl group assist substitution into these strongly deactivated cations than they do at the o-positions in toluene and ferf-butylbenzene. Analysis of these results, and comparison with those for chlorination and bromination, shows that even in these highly deactivated cations, as in the nitration of alkylbenzenes ( 9.1.1), the alkyl groups still release electrons in the inductive order. In view of the comparisons just... 

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