Emissions defined

The interpretation of fair competition rules used by the Commission during NAP assessment seems not to have considered the legal nature of the national GHG emission limits. Within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol agreement and later the Burden Sharing Agreement (BSA) each EU country has a national cap of GHG emission defined for the period 2008-2012. The legal implementation of these requirements in the EU could have been easily done by applying... 

Figure 25.7 Fractional PFO residual emission (defined as the ratio between PFO emission and the total emission of the blend) as a function of F8BT content. Data are shown for blends cast from both toluene and chloroform.

It is possible to define how much of the radiant energy will be absorbed, or emitted, by a particular surface by the use of a correction factor, known as the "emissivity" and given the symbol s. The emissivity of a surface is the measure of the actual amount of radiant energy that can be absorbed, compared to a black body. Similarly, the emissivity defines the radiant energy emitted from a surface compared to a black body. A black body would, therefore, by definition, have an emissivity s of 1. It should be noted that the value of emissivity is influenced more by the nature of texture of clothes, than its color. The practice of wearing white clothes in preference to dark clothes in order to keep cool on a hot summer s day is not necessarily valid. The amount of radiant energy absorbed is more a function of the texture of the clothes rather than the color. 

The life cycle is first defined and the complete resource requirements (materials and energy) quantified. This allows the total environmental emissions associated with the life cycle to be quantified by putting together the individual parts. This defines the life-cycle inventory. 

Acoustic emission is a naturally occurring phenomenon within materials, and the term Acoustic Emission is used to define the spontaneous elastic energy released within material or by a process, in the form of transient elastic waves. (2)... 

We now make two coimections with topics discussed earlier. First, at the begiiming of this section we defined 1/Jj as the rate constant for population decay and 1/J2 as the rate constant for coherence decay. Equation (A1.6.63) shows that for spontaneous emission MT = y, while 1/J2 = y/2 comparing with equation (A1.6.60) we see that for spontaneous emission, 1/J2 = 0- Second, note that y is the rate constant for population transfer due to spontaneous emission it is identical to the Einstein A coefficient which we defined in equation (Al.6.3). 

There are two fimdamental types of spectroscopic studies absorption and emission. In absorption spectroscopy an atom or molecule in a low-lying electronic state, usually the ground state, absorbs a photon to go to a higher state. In emission spectroscopy the atom or molecule is produced in a higher electronic state by some excitation process, and emits a photon in going to a lower state. In this section we will consider the traditional instrumentation for studying the resulting spectra. They define the quantities measured and set the standard for experimental data to be considered. 

The linear and nonlinear optical responses for this problem are defined by e, 2, e and respectively, as indicated in figure Bl.5.5. In order to detemiine the nonlinear radiation, we need to introduce appropriate pump radiation fields E(m ) and (co2)- If these pump beams are well-collimated, they will give rise to well-collimated radiation emitted tlirough the surface nonlmear response. Because the nonlinear response is present only in a thin layer, phase matching [37] considerations are unimportant and nonlinear emission will be present in both transmitted and reflected directions. 

The phase of a transition in a CIDNP speetnim ean be detennined rising niles developed by Kaptein [20]. The nile for the net effeet is shown in equation (Bl.16.6). For eaeh tenn, the sign (-t or -) of that value is inserted, and the final sign detennines the phase of the polarization phis is absorptive and minns is emissive. The variables are defined in the eaption to figure B 1.16.7. 

In equation (Cl.4.14) the saturation parameter essentially defines a criterion to compare the time required for stimulated and spontaneous processes. If I then spontaneous coupling of the atom to the vacuum modes of the field is fast compared to the stimulated Rabi coupling and the field is considered weak. If s" 1 then the Rabi oscillation is fast compared to spontaneous emission and the field is said to be strong. Setting s equal to unity defines the saturation condition... 

The acronym LASER (Light Amplification via tire Stimulated Emission of Radiation) defines the process of amplification. For all intents and purjDoses tliis metliod was elegantly outlined by Einstein in 1917 [H] wherein he derived a treatment of the dynamic equilibrium of a material in a electromagnetic field absorbing and emitting photons. Key here is tire insight tliat, in addition to absorjDtion and spontaneous emission processes, in an excited system one can stimulate tire emission of a photon by interaction witli tire electromagnetic field. It is tliis stimulated emission process which lays tire conceptual foundation of tire laser. 

The amount of light emitted by a source is measured by its luminance or by its luminous intensity, which are defined in Figure 18.2. Intrinsic light emission relates to the amount of light emitted per unit area (luminance). Table 18.1 lists approximate luminances for some common light sources. 

In this sequence the Cl also acts as a catalyst and two molecules are destroyed. It is estimated that before the Cl is finally removed from the atmosphere in 1—2 yr by precipitation, each Cl atom will have destroyed approximately 100,000 molecules (60). The estimated O -depletion potential of some common CFCs, hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFCs, are presented in Table 10. The O -depletion potential is defined as the ratio of the emission rate of a compound required to produce a steady-state depletion of 1% to the amount of CFC-11 required to produce the 1% depletion. The halons, bromochlorofluorocarbons or bromofluorocarbons that are widely used in fire extinguishers, are also ozone-depleting compounds. Although halon emissions, and thus the atmospheric concentrations, are much lower than the most common CFCs, halons are of concern because they are from three to ten times more destmctive to O, than the CFCs. 

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

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