Flow injection inductively coupled plasma-emission

Cox and Mcleod66 passed their water samples through activated alumina microcolumns in the field, isolating and retaining both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. The microcolumns were then returned to the laboratory and inserted into a flow injection inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry (FI-ICP-ES) system for elution and quantification (the lowest results reported are around 40 nM). The pretreatment of the microcolumns and the FI-ICP-ES method was, however, complicated and time-consuming. Recently, Dogutan et al.67 and Latif et al.68 preconcentrated the Cr species on an exchange column and first eluted one species, and subsequently both of them. 

M. Zougagh, P. C. Rudner, A. Garcia-de-Torres and J. M. Cano-Pavon, Application of Doehlert matrix and factorial designs in the optimisation of experimental variables associated with the on-line preconcentration and determination of zinc by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15(12), 2000, 1589-1594. 

C. Ortega, M.R. Gomez, R.A. Olsina, M.F. Silva, L.D. Martinez, On-line cloud point preconcentration and determination of gadolinium in urine using flow injection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17 (2002) 530. 

A. G. Cox and C. W. McLeod, Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Chromium(III) by Flow Injection/Inductively-Coupled Plasma/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 179 (1986) 487. 

McLeod, C.M., Worsfold, P.J., and Cox, A.C. (1984). Simultaneous multi-element analysis of blood serum by flow injection - inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry... 

El-lCP-AES flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

Sulphate In Waters, Effluents and Solids (2nd Edition) [including Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Some Solids by Barium Sulphate Gravimetry, Sulphate In waters and effluents by direct Barium Titrimetry, Sulphate in waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by a Continuous Flow Indirect Spectrophotometric Method Using 2-Aminoperimidine, Sulphate in waters by Flow Injection Analysis Using a Turbidimetric Method, Sulphate In waters by Ion Chromatography, Sulphate in waters by Air-Segmented Continuous Flow Colorimetry using Methylthymol Blue], 1988... 

These workers used an ARC 34000 inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer with flow-injection hydride generation. The 189.04nm line (3nd order) was used for arsenic measurement. The flow-injection block and Buckler peristaltic pump, as described by Liversage et al. [125] were also used for the determination of arsenic by hydride generation. 

N. Ulrich, Determination of antimony species with fluoride as modifier and flow injection hydride generation inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 417 (2000), 201-209. 

T. Ito, H. Kawaguchi, and A. Mizuike, Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry of Microlitre Samples by a Flow Injection Technique [in Japanese]. Bunseki Kagaku, 29 (1980) 332. 

Spectrophotometry Flow-injection analysis Gas chromatography Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Miscellaneous... 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Brzezinska-Paudyn et al. [124] compared results obtained in determinations of arsenic by conventional atomic emission spectrometry, flow-injection/hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic... 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis with flow-injection/hydride generation... 

These methods were used to determine arsenic in certified sediments (Table 12.15). Conventional inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is satisfactory for all types of samples, but its usefulness was limited to concentrations of arsenic greater than 5pg g-1 dry weight. Better detection limits were achieved using the flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma technique in which a coefficient of variation of about 2% for concentrations of lOpg g 1 were achieved. 

The analytical techniques used for additives analysis are reviewed below. They are mainly chromatographic but enzymatic, flow injection analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption methods are also used. 

J.L. Manzoori, A. Miyazaki, Indirect inductively coupled plasma atomic emission determination of fluoride in water samples by flow injection solvent extraction. Anal. Chem. 62 (1990) 2457-2460. 

For these techniques, a dissolved sample is usually employed in the analysis to form a liquid spray which is delivered to an atomiser e.g. a flame or electrically generated plasma). Concerning optical spectrometry, techniques based on photon absorption, photon emission and fluorescence will be described (Section 1.2), while for mass spectrometry (MS) particular attention will be paid to the use of an inductively coupled plasma (TCP) as the atomisation/ionisation source (Section 1.3). The use of on-line coupled systems to the above liquid analysis techniques such as flow injection manifolds and chromatographic systems will be dealt with in Section 1.4 because they have become commonplace in most laboratories, opening up new opportunities for sample handling and pretreatment and also to obtain element-specific molecular information. 

Cox, A., Cook, I.G. and McLeod, C.W. (1985) Rapid sequential determination of chromium (III)-chromium (VI) by flow injection analysis-inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. Analyst, 110, 331-333. 

Kasthurikrishnan, N. and Koropchak, J.A. (1993) Flow injection donnan dialysis preconcentration of trace metal cations for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 65, 857-862. 

A second plasma emission source which has become the most popular is the inductively coupled plasma torch (ICP). Figure 8.11 illustrates a typical source construction, which consists of three concentric quartz tubes. An aerosol of the sample solution in injected into the plasma through the central tube in a stream of argon flowing at about I dm3 min A higher flow ofargdn... 

FI. flow injection SI, sequential injection ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ETAAS electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, HG-AAS hydrige generation-atomic absorption spectrometry, HG-AFS hydrige generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. 

Y. Israel, A. Lasztity, R.M. Barnes, Online, steady-state concentrations for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass-spectrometry achieved by tandem injection and merging-stream flow injection, Analyst 114 (1989) 1259. 

I.G. Souza, H. Bergamin-Filho, F.J. Krug, J.A. Nobrega, P.V. Oliveira, B.F. Reis, M.F. Gine, On-line electrolytic dissolution of alloys in flow-injection analysis. Part 3. Multi-elemental analysis of stainless steels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 245 (1991) 211. 

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