Environmental scanning electron microscopes

ESEM environmental scanning electron microscope ESI electron spectroscopic imaging... 

Using UV-visible and IR spectroscopies, thermal analyses and scanning electron microscopes measurements, Young and Slemp studied the performance of several polymeric materials after exposure to an outer-space environment . PEN exhibited good environmental resistance to the oxygen-induced erosion, UV-induced degradation and spacecraft-induced contamination in such an environment [33],... 

A Philips Environmental-SEM/EDX (Phihps XL30) was used to measure the morphology on untreated and plasma-treated powders. The powders were fixed on the sample holder by double conductive adhesive aluminum tape, and then gold-coated. Secondary electron images were recorded with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a 15 keV acceleration voltage. 

Danesi et al.96 applied SIMS, in addition to X-ray fluorescence imaging, by using a microbeam (p-XRF) and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer (SEM-EDXRF) to characterize soil samples and to identify small DU particles collected in Kosovo locations where depleted uranium (DU) ammunition was employed during the 1999 Balkan conflict. Knowledge of DU particles is needed as a basis for the assessment of the potential environmental and health impacts of military use of DU, since it provides information on possible resuspension and inhalation. The measurements indicated spots where hundreds of thousands of particles may be present in a few mg of contaminated soil. The particle size distribution showed that most of the DU particles were < 5 pm in diameter and more than 50 % of the particles had a diameter of < 1.5 p.m.96... 

Stokes, D.J. and Donald, M. 2000. In situ mechanical testing of dry and hydrated breadcrumb in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). J. Mater. Sci. 35, 599-607. 

The picture presented in Figs. 4 and 5 have been made with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (XL30 ESEM FEG, FEI Philips, The Netherlands). 

STUDY OF DRYING SHRINKAGE CRACKING BY LATTICE GAS AUTOMATON AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE... 

XRD, X-ray diffraction XRF, X-ray fluorescence AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy IC, ion chromatography EPMA, electron probe microanalysis SEM, scanning electron microscope ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscope HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy LAMMA, laser microprobe mass analysis XPS, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy RLMP, Raman laser microprobe analysis SHRIMP, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe. PIXE, proton-induced X-ray emission FTIR, Fourier transform infrared. 

Watt, G.R., Griffin, B.J. Kinny, P.D. (2000) Charge contrast imaging of geological materials in the environmental scanning electron microscope. American Mineralogist 85, 1784-1794. 

Fig. 15.6 Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) images of (a) the BmimPF -MWCNT gel modified the graphite electrode surface (inset high-magnification ESEM image) and (b) the BmimPF -MWCNT gel modified the GC electrode surface after immersing in water for 10 h (Reproduced from Ref. [99] with kind permission of Elsevier)...

The hot stage has not only been applied to optical and atomic force microscopes, but also to scanning electron microscopes. Hot-stage accessories are available on environmental SEMs that can collect ESEM images at elevated temperatures. Applications to the electronics industry include fluxless soldering, intermetallic growth studies, and copper thick-film sintering studies (92-94). 

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