Direct coupled plasma

Direct consumption sugar, 23 450-451 Direct contact heat exchangers, 13 268 Direct cooler evaporators, 21 537 Direct-coupled plasma (DCF), 25 370 Direct covalent carbon nanotube functionalization, 17 54-55 Direct current (dc) diode sputtering, 24 730-731. See also dc sensing current... 

Neutron activation and petrographic analysis of late medieval Spanish pottery from the major Spanish production centers of Seville, Granada, Patema-Manises, Barcelona, and Talavera-Puente allowed progress to be made in uniquely characterizing these production centers (5-7). Efforts to identify different Mexican majolica productions petrographically have been unsuccessful, and an attempt at chemical characterization by directly coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy was later determined to have been flawed by problems encountered with the dissolution of the ceramic samples... 

GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES - also referred to as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are all routinely utilized in pharmaceutical applications. While there are other techniques of note available, such as micro-wave induced plasma (MIP) or direct coupled plasma (DCP), they have not been routinely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and will, therefore, not be discussed here. The theories involved in the use of FAAS, GFAAS, ICP and ICP-MS may be found in other articles of this Encyclopedia. 

Inductively coupled plasma (icp) emission, direct current plasma (dcp), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp/ms) have taken over as the methods of choice for the simultaneous detection of metallic impurities in hafnium and hafnium compounds (29,30). 

Highly sensitive iastmmental techniques, such as x-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrometry, and iaductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, have wide appHcation for the analysis of silver ia a multitude of materials. In order to minimize the effects of various matrices ia which silver may exist, samples are treated with perchloric or nitric acid. Direct-aspiration atomic absorption (25) and iaductively coupled plasma (26) have silver detection limits of 10 and 7 l-lg/L, respectively. The use of a graphic furnace ia an atomic absorption spectrograph lowers the silver detection limit to 0.2 l-ig/L. 

A novel interface to connect a ce system with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (icpms) detector has been developed (88). The interface was built using a direct injection nebulizer (din) system. The ce/din/icpms system was evaluated using samples containing selected alkah, alkaline earths, and heavy-metal ions, as well as selenium (Se(IV) and Se(VI)), and various inorganic and organic arsenic species. The preliminary results show that the system can be used to determine metal species at ppt to ppb level. 

Laser based mass spectrometric methods, such as laser ionization (LIMS) and laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are powerful analytical techniques for survey analysis of solid substances. To realize the analytical performances methods for the direct trace analysis of synthetic and natural crystals modification of a traditional analytical technique was necessary and suitable standard reference materials (SRM) were required. Recent developments allowed extending the range of analytical applications of LIMS and LA-ICP-MS will be presented and discussed. For example ... 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical (ICP-optical) methods and ICPMS are extremely sensitive elemental survey techniques that also are described in this volume. ICP methods, however, require a solution for analysis, so that the direct... 

Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Solids (2nd Edition) [including Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Some Solids by Barium Sulphate Gravimetry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by direct Barium Titrimetry, Sulphate in waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by a Continuous Elow Indirect Spectrophotometric Method Using 2-Aminoperimidine, Sulphate in waters by Elow Injection Analysis Using a Turbidimetric Method, Sulphate in waters by Ion Chromatography, Sulphate in waters by Air-Segmented Continuous Elow Colorimetry using Methylthymol Blue], 1988... 

The Production Department was not amused, because lower values had been expected. Quality Control was blamed for using an insensitive, unse-lective, and imprecise test, and thereby unnecessarily frightening top management. This outcome had been anticipated, and a better method, namely polarography, was already being set up. The same samples were run, this time in duplicate, with much the same results. A relative confidence interval of 25% was assumed. Because of increased specificity, there were now less doubts as to the amounts of this particular heavy metal that were actually present. To rule out artifacts, the four samples were sent to outside laboratories to do repeat tests with different methods X-ray fluorescence (XRFi °) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The confidence limits were determined to be 10% resp. 3%. Figure 4.23 summarizes the results. Because each method has its own specificity pattern, and is subject to intrinsic artifacts, a direct statistical comparison cannot be performed without first correcting the apparent concentrations in order to obtain presumably true... 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Optical emision spectra nowadays are simply measured using a fiber optic cable that directs the plasma light to a monochromator, which is coupled to a photodetector. By rotating the prism in the monochromator a wavelength scan of the emitted light can be obtained. Alternatively, an optical multichannel analyzer can be used to record (parts of) an emission spectrum simultaneously, allowing for much faster acquisition. A spectrometer resolution of about 0.1 nm is needed to identify species. 

Becker JS, Dietze H-J, McClean JA, Montaser A (1999) Ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-hved radionuclides by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer. Anal Chem 71 3077-3984... 

Gas and liquid chromatography directly coupled with atomic spectrometry have been reviewed [178,179], as well as the determination of trace elements by chromatographic methods employing atomic plasma emission spectrometric detection [180]. Sutton et al. [181] have reviewed the use and applications of ICP-MS as a chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detector, whereas Niessen [182] has briefly reviewed the applications of mass spectrometry to hyphenated techniques. 

Thiel G, Danzer K (1997) Direct analysis of mineral components in wine by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fresenius J Anal Chem 357 553... 

This method was developed as a second independent method to complement the usual colorimetric procedure in the determination of a certified concentration of dissolved silica in a seawater reference material. Ion exclusion affords a separation of the dissolved silica not only from major seawater cations but also from potentially interfering anions. The detection unit limit, conservatively estimated at 2.3 ng/g Si (0.08. im), is superior to that achievable by direct analysis using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has also been used to determine sulfate directly in non-saline waters [225]. 

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