Increasing Production

Pesticides provide crop protection and enable higher yields to be achieved. Chemical pesticide use has risen during the 20th century, although concerns over the effects of compounds on human health and the environment have led to changes in the types of pesticides applied. Consequently, there has been a reduction in the frequency of applications and a move away from broad-spectrum compounds prone to bioaccumulation and wider ecological toxicity. Extensive use 

Biotechnology could also provide crop varieties better suited to nonfood raw material production. For example, ethanol yield during fermentation of woody biomass is affected by lignin content. Use of GM tree varieties with low lignin contents could increase lignocellulosic ethanol yield by 20% [17]. A further potential benefit of GM technology is the ability to produce large quantities of enzymes for industrial purposes. Development of modified maize plants that express 

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Wells are worked over to increase production, reduce operating cost or reinstate their technical integrity. In terms of economics alone (neglecting safety aspects) a workover can be justified if the net present value of the workover activity is positive (and assuming no other constraints exist). The appropriate discount rate is the company s cost of capital. 

As decommissioning approaches and all well intervention opportunities to increase productivity have been exploited, enhanced recovery processes may be considered as a means of recovering a proportion of the remaining hydrocarbons. However, such techniques are generally very sensitive to the oil price, and whilst some are common in onshore developments they can rarely be justified offshore. 

Increasing production and therefore inspection rates may increase the stress to the inspector and result in a decreasing reproducability and flaw detection rate. In addition by replacing the human inspector by a fully automatic image processing tremendeous cost savings are achieved. 

The stocking of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs to increase the production of desirable fishes that depend on natural productivity for their food supply and are ultimately captured by recreational fishermen or for subsistence is another example of extensive aquaculture. Some would consider such practices as lying outside of the realm of aquaculture, but since the practice involves human intervention and often employs fishes produced in hatcheries, recreational or subsistence level stocking is associated with, if not a part of aquaculture. Similarly, stocking new ponds or water bodies which have been drained or poisoned to eliminate undesirable species prior to restocking, can lead to increased production of desirable species. 

Fertilization of ponds to increase productivity is the next level of intensity with respect to fish culture, followed by provision of supplemental feeds. Supplemental feeds are those that provide some additional nutrition but caimot be depended upon to supply all the required nutrients. Provision of complete feeds, those that do provide all of the nutrients required by the fish, translates to another increase in intensity. Associated with one or more of the stages described might be the appHcation of techniques that lead to the maintenance of good water quaUty. Examples are continuous water exchange, mechanical aeration, and the use of various chemicals used to adjust such factors as pH, alkalinity, and hardness. 

Traditional uses for ramie have been for heavy industrial-type fabrics such as canvas, packaging material, and upholstery. Increased production of the fiber in Asia, particularly China, has promoted the use in blended fabrics with silk, linen, and cotton which can now be found on the market. 

AcryHc resins are often ceU-cast (11). In this process no solvent is used, but the fluid monomers are passed into a cell or mold where polymerization takes place to form a soHd sheet. Heavy sections can be produced in this fashion. Formation of cast acryHc is moving toward modified continuous-based casting to increase productivity. Dmm casting on a commercial scale has almost disappeared. 

Asian production of hydrogen fluoride is concentrated in Japan. The Japanese are leaders in the production of high quaHty HP. Hashimoto has the capacity for 3000 t/yr of ultrahigh purity product. Por the future, increased production in many of the developing Asian nations is likely. 

Direct Uses of Geopressured Fluids. Many of the uses typical of hydrothermal energy, such as greenhouse, fish farm, and space heating, have been proposed for geopressured resources, but none has been commercially developed (34). Hydrothermal fluids are widely used in enhanced oil recovery, however, to increase production from depleted oil fields. 

The majority of thermal polymerizations are carried out as a batch process, which requires a heat-up and a cool down stage. Typical conditions are 250—300°C for 0.5—4 h in an oxygen-free atmosphere (typically nitrogen) at approximately 1.4 MPa (200 psi). A continuous thermal polymerization has been reported which utilizes a tubular flow reactor having three temperature zones and recycle capabiHty (62). The advantages of this process are reduced residence time, increased production, and improved molecular weight control. Molecular weight may be controlled with temperature, residence time, feed composition, and polymerizate recycle. 

Indium prices vary by purity level according to the number of mines. For 99.97 or 99.99% pure indium Meta/Bu//etm magazine s free-market prices ranged from 160 to 190/kg in 1993. Prices have trended downward since 1988. This, coupled with the fact that consumption increased during this period, is evidence that supply is ahead of demand. The most notable production increases have occurred at Indium Corp. of America, Nippon Mining Co. Ltd., Cominco Ltd., and Metaleurop S.A. The largest increase was made by Indium Corp. A 30-t increase was announced in 1988 in 1993 Indium Corp. announced plans to increase production by another 30 t to be phased in with demand, bringing the company s actual and planned increases to 60 metric tons over the 1988 level. 

Future Methanol Processes. The process route for methanol synthesis has remained basically unchanged since its inception by BASF in 1923. The principal developments have been in catalyst formulation to increase productivity and selectivity, and in process plant integration to improve output and energy efficiency while decreasing capital cost. 

Acetic anhydride and acetic acid increase the solubiUty of the two phases in each other, and they are employed for the commercial N-nitration of hexamethylenetetramine [100-97-0] (11) to form cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine [121-82-4] (RDX), (CH2)3(NN02)3. Renewed consideration has been given to replacing H2SO4 with an improved soHd catalyst to reduce the environmental problems of disposal or reconcentration of the waste acid and to increase production of desired nitrated isomers. For example, a catalyst with suitable pore size might increase the production of 4-MNT and reduce that of 3-MNT when toluene is nitrated. 

Over the years, a variety of fuel types were employed. Originally, natural uranium slugs canned in aluminum were the source of plutonium, while lithium—aluminum alloy target rods provided control and a source of tritium. Later, to permit increased production of tritium, reactivity was recovered by the use of enriched uranium fuel, ranging from 5—93%. 

The use of these sHmicides may result in an appreciable increase in the cost of producing paper. However, thein use often reduces downtime that is caused by slime and, therefore, increases production which more than compensates for the initial cost of the sHmicides. White water systems also often contain proteolytic microorganisms which attack the machine felts and reduce thein useful life. Control of this problem may be accompHshed by treating the felts with a sHmicide foUowed by cleaning with a mild acid (see INDUSTRIALANTIMICROBIALAGENTS). 

Eady spinnerettes were 316-stainless steel disks, - 5 cm in diameter, 0.5 cm in thickness, and with 13 round holes. Over the years, the increased productivity demands have led to as many as 500 holes for larger disk spinnerettes and 4000 holes for rectangular shape spinnerettes. 

New Developments in Spinning and Drawing. The continual effort by the fiber producers to increase production, lower manufacturing costs, and improve quaUty has led to a better understanding of the effects of the spinning and drawing process on physical and molecular stmcture of... 

Acid modifiers have been used to a limited extent to reduce acid consumption in the H2SO4 alkylation process (27). Increased catalyst costs will encourage the further development and appHcation of such acid modification techniques in the future. In addition, the development of new technology, such as two-step alkylation, may be accelerated based on the incentive to reduce catalyst consumption and increase product octane (28). 

Factors affecting the accumulation of ansamitocins P-2, P-3, and P-4 in JSbocardia sp. C-15003 have been studied (246) the addition of isoleucine, propionate, ptopionaldehyde, or -ptopyl alcohol to the fermentation medium resulted in the increased production of P-2 the addition of valine, isobutyrate, isobutyraldehyde, or isobutyl alcohol increased the production of P-3, reaching more than 90% of the total ansamitocins produced and the addition of leucine, isovalerate, isovaleraldehyde, or isoamyl alcohol increased the production of P-4. 

Because high quaHty, low cost, and optimum performance are required for spray equipment, improved analytical and experimental tools are iadispensable for increasing productivity ia many competitive iadustries. In most iastances, it is no longer adequate to characterize a spray solely on the basis of flow rate and spray pattern. Information on droplet size, velocity, volume flux, and number density is often needed and can be determined usiag advanced laser diagnostic techniques. These improvements have benefited a wide spectmm of consumer and specialized iadustrial products. 

Initially, all of the SBR polymer known as GR-S produced during World War II was by the batch process. Later, it was thought that a higher volume of polymer would be needed for the war effort. The answer was found in switching from batchwise to continuous production. This was demonstrated in 1944 at the Houston, Texas, synthetic mbber plant operated by The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company. One line, consisting of 12 reactors, was lined up in a continuous mode, producing GR-S that was mote consistent than the batch-produced polymer (25). In addition to increased productivity, improved operation of the recovery of monomers resulted because of increased (20%) reactor capacity as well as consistent operation instead of up and down, as by batchwise polymerisation. 

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