ASIAN DEVELOPMENTS

Ishiguro, M., and Akiyania, T. (1995). Energy Demand in Five Major Asian Developing Countries. Washington, DC World Bank... 

ALGAS. Asia least-cost greenhouse gas abatement strategy India, ADB-GEF-UNDP, Asian Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme, Manila, the Philippines, 1998, pp. 238. 

Lohani, B., Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R., Tu, S-L. (1997). Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Assessment In Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia. Vol. 1. Manila Asian Development Bank (ADB), Philippines. 

Figure 9.3. Homologue profiles of PCDD/DFs in soils from agricultural and urban areas (control sites) in Asian developing countries in comparison to the profile of samples representing environmental sinks (urban soils). Vertical bars represent the percentage of each homologue to total PCDD/F concentrations. F and D refer to dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins, respectively. Numbers Figures indicate the degree of chlorination (Source Minh et al., 2003).

Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Giesy, J.P., Tatsukawa, R., 1997. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated bipehnyls in foodstuffs from Asian developing countries. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 152, 1-55. 

Kunisue, T., Watanabe, M., Iwata, H., Subramanian, A.N., Monirith, I., Minh, T.B., Baburajendran, R., Tana, T.S., Viet, P.H., Prudente, M., Tanabe, S., 2004. Dioxins and related compounds in human breast milk collected around open dumping sites in Asian developing countries bovine milk as a potential source. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 414-426. 

Sudaryanto, A., Takahashi, S., Monirith, I., Ismail, A., Muchtar, M., Zheng, J., Richardson, B.J., Subramanian, A.N., Prudente, M.S., Hue, N.D., Tanabe, S., 2002. Asia-Pacific mussel watch Monitoring of butyltin contamination in coastal waters of Asian developing countries. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 2119-2130. 

Tanabe, S., 2000. Asian developing regions Persistent organic pollutants in the sea. In Sheppard, C.R.C. (Ed.), Seas at the Millennium An Environmental Evaluation. Pergamon, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 447-462. 

Figure 11.8. Concentrations and TEQs of PCDD/Fs in soils from open dumping sites for municipal wastes in Asian developing countries.

Figure 11.13. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in soils from dumping sites in Asian developing countries in comparison with various environmental guideline values.

Yap, W.G., Young, A.L., Orano, C., De Castro, M.T., 1979. Manual on mussel farming. Aquaculture Extension Manual No. 6, Southeast Asian Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines, 17 pp. 

Worldwide comparison of BTs in sediment and fish from Indonesia also revealed lower levels in Indonesian samples. The residue levels of BTs found in sediment (0.96-380 ngg-1 dry wt.) were lower than those reported in many coastal and harbor areas of various countries including several Asian developing countries, such as Malaysia and Thailand, as well as urbanized industrial nations such as the USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan (see Sudaryanto et al., 2004 and references therein). A similar case was also for fish (Fig. 13.7). Concentrations of BTs in fish from Indonesia were obviously lower than those reported in urbanized developed regions, such as the USA, Japan, Australia, Italy, and Netherland (See Takahashi et al., 1999 and references therein). The levels were also lower than those of the polluted areas of Asian developing countries, including the Malacca Strait, Malaysia (Sudaryanto et al., 2004). 

Figure 18.7. Estimated daily intake of OCs by infants in Asian developing countries.

Considering the above observations, it can be suspected that DDT may be illegally in use in some Asian developing counties and the residents are constantly exposed to this contaminant. 

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