Gross domestic product , increase

Human-made sources cover a wide spectrum of chemical and physical activities and are the major contributors to urban air pollution. Air pollutants in the United States pour out from over 10 million vehicles, the refuse of approximately 300 million people, the generation of billions of kilowatts of electricity, and the production of innumerable products demanded by everyday living. Hundreds of millions of tons of air pollutants are generated annually in the United States alone. The six pollutants identified in the Clean Air Act are shown in Table 22-14. Annual emission statistics for these six pollutants are considered major indicators of the U.S. air quality. During the 1970 to 2003 period, the total emissions of the six pollutants declined by 51 percent, while at the same time the gross domestic product increased By 176 percent, the population by 39 percent, and energy consumption by 45 percent. Total emissions in the United States are summarized by source category for the year 1998 in Table 22-15. 

Polymer science and technology have developed tremendously over the last few decades, and the production of polymers and plastics products has increased at a remarkable pace. By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide (about 2% of the wood used, and nearly 5% of the oil harvested) to fulfill the ever-growing needs of the plastic age in the industrialized world plastic materials are used at a rate of nearly 100 kg per person per year. Plastic materials with over 250 billion per year contribute about 4% to the gross domestic product in the United States. Plastics have no counterpart in other materials in terms of weight, ease of fabrication, efficient utilization, and economics. 

It seems much more logical to assume that productivity will continue to increase. The question can be approached in another way by adopting a year 2000 population forecast of 35 million or one which trends in fertility, mortality, and immigration suggest. On this basis, gross domestic product per capita would be 6200 or almost two and a half times 1970 s 2600. Will technological advances allow Canadians to raise their productivity this much in 30 years Canadian productivity was doubled in the last 30 years, so the forecast seems to be within the realm of possibility. As another perspective, competent economists predict that in the United States a figure of 6000 per person will be reached as early as 1985. 

Also, growth in electricity consumption has not increased since the surge in the Internet—in spite of higher growth in gross domestic product since 1995, hotter summers, and less demand-side man-... 

Corrosion processes affect many areas of human activity in which metal products are used. In general, as levels of economic development increase, so do costs incurred as a result of corrosion. It is estimated that the costs attributable to the corrosion of metalfic materials amount to 4 percent of the gross domestic product of the developed coxmtries. And this cost, representing a loss of resources, would be even higher if methods of protection against corrosion were not so widely appfied. It is estimated that because of this protection, populations are able to reduce these potential losses by a factor of about 30 percent. 

The political situation within OPEC member countries is complicated and dynamic. Price shocks caused by political unrest in oil-exporting countries have had severe economic effects on the global economy, including losses in gross domestic product (GDP) and increases in inflation and unemployment. Oil market stability concerns are rooted both in political volatility and infrastructure insecurity. Further uncertainty arises from the entry of new suppliers, especially Russia, into the market and their cooperation, or lack thereof, with OPEC. In terms of supply security, the hub-and-spoke oil transportation system in both importing and exporting countries remains vulnerable to attacks. Some suggest a... 

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