Water conservation

Water conservation, simply using less water, is one of the most effective, and clearly the fastest, means to ensure water supply. Water conservation falls into several major categories  

Each of these categories is summarized briefly in the following discussion. 

Water used for lawns and landscaping often is one of the greatest consumers of water. In some areas, such as public parks, purified wastewater is used for this purpose. In principle, water used in some household applications can be recycled to water yard plants or grass. Some of the greater savings can be achieved in this area by growing ground cover and plants that require minimal water. 

Manufacturing can be very water-intensive. The manufacture of a single automobile requires around 150,000 L of water. Refining crude oil to gasoline requires approximately 44 times the volume of water as the gasoline produced. The conservation of water in manufacturing and commercial activities is an important aspect of industrial ecology (see Chapter 16). 

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Water. Conservation and Reclamations Global Cities Project, San Erancisco, Calif., 1991. 

Extraction of Bertrandite. Bertrandite-containing tuff from the Spor Mountain deposits is wet milled to provide a thixotropic, pumpable slurry of below 840 p.m (—20 mesh) particles. This slurry is leached with sulfuric acid at temperatures near the boiling point. The resulting beryUium sulfate [13510-49-1] solution is separated from unreacted soflds by countercurrent decantation thickener operations. The solution contains 0.4—0.7 g/L Be, 4.7 g/L Al, 3—5 g/L Mg, and 1.5 g/L Fe, plus minor impurities including uranium [7440-61-1/, rare earths, zirconium [7440-67-7] titanium [7440-32-6] and zinc [7440-66-6]. Water conservation practices are essential in semiarid Utah, so the wash water introduced in the countercurrent decantation separation of beryUium solutions from soflds is utilized in the wet milling operation. 

J. R. Mills, WaterResources Research Institute Bulletin No. 46, Water Conservation Technical Text—State of the Art, Auburn University, Alabama, May 1982, p. 17. 

The Loss of River Water is initiated by loss of plant power grid and river water pump house equally. Response to loss of river water involves event recognition, shutdown, and water conservation. Loss of grid includes recovery modeling based on industry-wide (utility) experience... 

AVP plays a central role in water homeostasis of terrestrial mammals, leading to water conservation by the kidney. OT is primarily involved in milk ejection, parturition and in sexual and maternal behaviour. Both hormones are pqDtides secreted by the neurohypophysis, and both act also as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). The major hormonal targets for AVP are the renal tubules and vascular myocytes. The hormonal targets for OT are the myoepithelial cells... 

Loudermilk, W. C. (1934) The role of vegetation in erosion control and water conservation. /. Forest. 32, 529-536. 

Planning for the future in Mediterranean climates requires serious investments in water conservation and consideration of alternative freshwater sources. Alternative... 

Hatfield, J.L., Quisenberry, J.E. Dilbeck, R.E. (1987). Use of canopy temperature to identify water conservation in cotton germplasm. Crop Science, 26, 269-73. 

Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC). The Constructed Wetlands Manual, New South Wales, Australia, 1998. 

Dehydration during periods when water conservation is necessary... 

The techniques of process integration have been expanded for use in optimising mass transfer operations, and have been applied in waste reduction, water conservation, and pollution control, see Dunn and El-Halwagi (2003). 

Knowledge Sharing, Consultation, and Research into Sustainable Climate Change Adaptations such as Water Conservation and Safer Structures, e.g., the Centre for Sustainable Infrastructure which studies ... 

Combined Municipal Water and Sewage Treatment Plants in the interest of Water Conservation and Reduction of Pollution of Natural Waterways. 

Adaptation of Traditional Methods and New Approaches to Water Conservation. 

However, based on the authority granted under the regulations, BMPs may encompass the entire universe of pollution prevention, including production modifications, operational changes, materials substitution, materials and water conservation, and other such measures.5... 

Water conservation/reuse/recycle. In this, the aim is to achieve optimum efficiency in relation to water use, looking at the possible elimination of use, the regulation of use to only specific requirements, sequential use, or reuse and in-process recycling. 

Virginia SWCC, Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook Standards, Criteria and Guidelines, Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, Richmond, VA, 1988. 

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