In-house sourcing

Global pharma companies either (1) produce APIs in-house sourcing basic, nonregulated PFCs from China or (2) source advanced, exclusive PFCs from Indian fine-chemical companies (shortcutting their traditional European suppliers). 

The information and data presented in this book are not intended to be used as a substitute for more up-to-date and accurate information on the specific plastics and processes. Such specific details can be obtained from in-house sources, testing laboratories, computer databases, material suppliers, data/information sources, consultants, and various institutions. References in this book represent examples for additional sources of plastics and processes. 

Note Data is presented to show how 2D correlation chemical shifts of acetylated lignins in acetone-d (unless denoted with a superscript c) from various 2D spectra (author-generated from various in-house sources) can be used as a guide for assigning COSY, TOCSY, HMQC/HSQC, HMQC/ HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC, etc. spectra, the author-generated data include components that may be easily seen only in various lignin-biosynthetic-pathway mutants and transgenics. 

Sometimes it is not possible to provide required resources for rehabilitation from in-house sources. Many external professionals may be used to assist in rehabilitation managemerrt and may include ... 

Strain development programs can mn into millions of doUars. This combined with the status of the strain in the overall process makes the strains extremely valuable and manufacturers rarely deposit useful cultures in one of the commercial coUections (14). Nevertheless, commercial coUections exist and are a very valuable, often used source of microorganisms that have shown some promise of producing smaU or minute quantities of products having real or possible commercial appHcations. These strains are often useful in augmenting in-house activities or as starters for a development program. 

Electroplating is done both in job shops, where a customer s work is plated, and in captive (in-house) shops. There were reported to be about 7500 plating plants in the United States (4) in 1992. This is a decrease from the ca 12,000 reported by the same source in 1980. The reduction, particularly in the number of smaller job shops, is related to the problems in meeting the waste regulations imposed on plating shop effluents. 

In addition to fulfilling the in-house requirements for quality control, state and local air monitoring networks which are collecting data for compliance purposes are required to have an external performance audit on an annual basis. Under this program, an independent organization supplies externally calibrated sources of air pollutant gases to be measured by the instrumentation undergoing audit. An audit report summarizes the performance of the instruments. If necessary, further action must be taken to eliminate any major discrepancies between the internal and external calibration results. 

If in-house, personnel are required to provide a flare system piping layout, many good literature articles are available. Reference 2 has simplified the procedure by allowing the calculations to begin with the outlet (atmospheric pressure) and work back towards the source thus overcoming tedious trial and eiTor required by methods that require beginning at the source. 

Several sources (References 19. 20, 21, and 22) are available for estimating pumps and drivers to check in-house coiTelations or to fill in w here data is not available. Care must be exercised in using construction cost indexes to update the literature data. It would be w ise to calibrate the indexes and literature data by getting vendor prices on a few of the larger, more expensive pumps, and 5% or 10% of the common types of pumps in the project being estimated. 

This equipment presents problems in estimating preliminary costs, since there is seldom enough information in-house to make good correlations. Vendors are by far the best source of costs. Guthrie (Reference 23) discusses the complexities of estimating high-pressure equipment and presents some cost data. 

If the hypothesis or model does not seem to be a good predictor of what is happening in the building, you probably need to collect more information about the occupants, HVAC system, pollutant pathways, or contaminant sources. Under some circumstances, detailed or sophisticated measurements of pollutant concentrations or ventilation quantities may be required. Outside assistance may be needed if repeated efforts fail to produce a successful hypothesis or if the information required calls for instruments and procedures that are not available in-house. Analysis of the information collected during the LAQ investigation could produce any of the following results ... 

Statistical Methods for Nonelectronic Reliability, Reliability Specifications, Special Application Methods for Reliability Prediction Part Failure Characteristics, and Reliability Demonstration Tests. Data is located in section 5.0 on Part Failure Characteristics. This section describes the results of the statistical analyses of failure data from more than 250 distinct nonelectronic parts collected from recent commercial and military projects. This data was collected in-house (from operations and maintenance reports) and from industry wide sources. Tables, alphabetized by part class/ part type, are presented for easy reference to part failure rates assuminng that the part lives are exponentially distributed (as in previous editions of this notebook, the majority of data available included total operating time, and total number of failures only). For parts for which the actual life times for each part under test were included in the database, further tables are presented which describe the results of testing the fit of the exponential and Weibull distributions. 

In the United States about 3 percent of all electricity produced comes from renewable sources of this a little more than half comes from biomass. Most biomass energy generation comes from the lumber and paper industries from their conversion of mill residues to in-house energy. Municipal solid waste also is an important fuel for electricity production approximately 16 percent ot all municipal solid waste is disposed of by combustion. Converting industrial and municipal waste into bioenergy also decreases the necessity for landfdl space. 

It may often be more economical to purchase the desired product from another refiner than to produce it internally. The market place can be a less expensive source of incremental supply than the refiner s own in-house production capabilities. 

Neither database generally offers the possibility of integrating into it the greater number of values and test data that may already be established by users or processors. These organizations have data for their own internal use, and their goal has been to integrate all these types of data sources. Such in-house databases are at present available under operating system BS 2000 and in conjunction with the database software known as Adabas. 

Most raw water sources considered for use as boiler MU have been treated or conditioned either by a water utility (providing city water) or in-house (providing industrial water). They are supplied to the boiler plant clean and relatively free of suspended solids, colloidal material, organics, and iron. In hard water areas there also may be some reduction in hardness and alkalinity provided. Where boiler plant raw water (RW) quality is still unacceptable for the particular boiler plant needs, additional pretreatment pre-boiler conditioning or external treatment) may be required. 

It is these differences in in-house boiler plant facility resources and the perceived need to obtain technical support from an external source that led me to consider grouping boiler plant systems in a slightly different way than is typically perceived, which in turn provided a focus for this book. Thus, although commercial, industrial, and utility steam generators can be classified in several different ways (such as by pressure, output, fundamental design type, etc.), their owners and operators can be classified as members of one or other of only two groups. 

House dust. Houses are enclosed spaces and tend to accumulate dust from the outside. There are also internal sources of house dust. The concentration ratio [MJhouse dust/[M]soil has a mean of 0.33 (standard deviation = 0.09) for the ten elements Mn, Fe, La, Sm, Hf, Th, V, Al, Sc and Ce suggesting that around 33% of house dust is soil (93). The concentration ratio for the two surface dusts, [M]house dust/[M]street dust is >1 for the elements Cu, Co, As, Sb, Zn, Cd, Au, Cl and C suggesting these elements also have an internal component. All of these elements, as well as Pb and Br, are enriched in house dust relative to their concentrations in soil. Lead and bromine originate mainly from outside the house, and probably from street dust and motor vehicle emissions and, in the case of lead, from paint. When the concentrations of lead in house dust are very high this generally signifies an internal source of lead paint, especially in older houses. 

Depending on the size of the CRO and the nature of the trial, the system may be acquired in one of the following ways (1) developed in-house by the organization s staff with off-the-shelf commercial software, (2) outsourced to outside contractors, (3) with open source/free software (OSS/FS), and (4) purchased from e-clinical proprietary vendors. 

The validation umbrella not only covers in-house systems, but also covers vendor systems. Much of industry today is dependent to some extent on vendor-supplied electronic systems and, consequently, the vendor s validation of those systems. Because of this, there are validation issues to assess at the vendor including how the vendor addresses change control, testing and documentation, source code, integration, and implementation of the system during development. Implementation support also must be assessed. 

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