Lead paints

Paint Leaded paint blackened by formation of lead sulphide... 

Lead (autos) d d Lead paint d Aspirin d Vaccines... 

House dust. Houses are enclosed spaces and tend to accumulate dust from the outside. There are also internal sources of house dust. The concentration ratio [MJhouse dust/[M]soil has a mean of 0.33 (standard deviation = 0.09) for the ten elements Mn, Fe, La, Sm, Hf, Th, V, Al, Sc and Ce suggesting that around 33% of house dust is soil (93). The concentration ratio for the two surface dusts, [M]house dust/[M]street dust is >1 for the elements Cu, Co, As, Sb, Zn, Cd, Au, Cl and C suggesting these elements also have an internal component. All of these elements, as well as Pb and Br, are enriched in house dust relative to their concentrations in soil. Lead and bromine originate mainly from outside the house, and probably from street dust and motor vehicle emissions and, in the case of lead, from paint. When the concentrations of lead in house dust are very high this generally signifies an internal source of lead paint, especially in older houses. 

Leaded Paint. The lead content of paint on the interiors of houses was determined by x-ray fluorescence analyzers. The same location was used in each room of each individual house. Fifty percent of the determinations were made on painted walls, and the other fifty percent were made on the trim paint. The precision of these instruments is +. 2 milligrams per square centimeter. Therefore, values of. 7 or greater are considered to represent at least 0.5 mg/cm. ... 

Table II shows that houses in the reference area contained significantly more lead paint than houses around either the RSR or Dixie site, while the RSR area contained more than the Dixie area. Based on a visual inspection, the paint on the walls and trim areas was Intact and was not peeling, flaking, or otherwise deteriorating.

To determine whether his Pacific samples were in fact representative of other oceans, Patterson and a Japanese colleague, Mitsunobu Tat-sumoto, began developing profiles of the lead in ocean layers in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Patterson hated ocean-going field trips he often became violently seasick, once so seriously that he had to be given oxygen. Because the ships were coated with leaded paints and compounds, sampling was tricky, too. Despite the problems, Patterson could see that, as in the Pacific, lead was concentrated in the upper portions of the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 

Thomas G. Spiro and William M. Stigliani. Chemistry of the Environment. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 1996. Source for lead-halide particles lead paint on school buses, highways, and bridges. 

EPA has developed standards for lead paint hazards, lead in dust, and lead in soil. To educate parents, homeowners, and tenants about lead hazards, lead poisoning prevention in the home, and the lead abatement process, EPA has published several general information pamphlets. Copies of these pamphlets can be obtained from the National Lead Information Center or from various Internet sites, including http //www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead. 

Chisolm JJ Jr. 1986. Removal of lead paint from old housing The need for a new approach. Am J Public Health 76 236-237. 

Que Hee SS. 1994. Availability of elements in leaded/unleaded automobile exhausts, a leaded paint, a soil, and some mixtures. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 27 145-153. 

Rabinowitz MB, Leviton A, Bellinger D. 1985a. Home refinishing, lead paint and infant blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 75 403-404. 

Isoniazid for Dietary iron insuf- Lead paints... 

Young children are especially susceptible to the effects of environmental lead, first because their bodies accumulate lead more readily than do those of adults and, second, because they appear to be more vulnerable to certain of the biological effects of lead. In 1988 the US Public Health Service estimated that, in the United States alone, 12 million children were exposed to leaded paint, 5.6 million to leaded gasoline, 5.9-11 million to dusts and soils containing excessive lead, 10.4 million to lead in water (in part because of lead in pipe solders) and 1.0 million to lead in food. The Public Health Service also... 

Substantial progress in reducing lead body burdens has been made in the past three decades (e.g., by programs to eliminate leaded gasoline and to prevent children s exposure to leaded paints present in many older homes), and the most recent nationwide surveys have revealed that average blood levels in children are now near 2 pg/dl. There are still subpopulations showing excessive exposure, probably related to paint found in older homes. In some areas of the world, particularly where leaded gasoline is still used, the problem remains serious. The problem is complicated by the fact that, as we have worked to reduce lead exposures, health scientists have uncovered new concerns. 

Adsorption inhibitors act by forming a film on the metal surface. The action of traditional oil-based red lead paint formulations presumably involves the formation of soaps and the precipitation of complex ferric salts that reinforce the oxide film. There has been substantial interest in recent years in development of replacements for lead-based and chromate-based inhibitor systems. Adsorption inhibitors based on pol3rmers have been of particular interest. In this volume, Johnson et al. and Eng and Ishida discuss inhibitors for copper 2-undecylimidazole is shown to be effective in acid media, where it suppresses the oxygen reduction reaction almost completely. Polyvlnyllmidazoles are shown to be effective oxidation inhibitors for copper at elevated temperatures. Also in this volume, Chen discusses the use of N-(hydroxyalkyl)acrylamide copolymers in conjunction with phosphate-orthophosphate inhibitor systems for cooling systems. 

Lead has been widely used in the storage battery industry, the petroleum industry, pigment manufacturing, insecticide production, the ceramics industry, and the metal products industry. Most of the airborne lead that has been identified comes from combustion of gasoline [33,79] and removal of lead paint [34]. 

The most important ingredient of a white paint used to be lead oxide. This was objectionable, as it could be swallowed by infants and lead to brain damage. Other white powders with strong covering properties were needed, and the current material of choice is titanium dioxide. Many painters still prefer lead oxide-based paint, as it has a more desirable warmer shade of white and it dries much faster than titanium oxide-based paint. When a mistaken stroke is made by a painter, lead paint that dries quickly can be covered up by another stroke, but titanium paint needs 3 days to dry before it can be covered up by another stroke. A solution is available in quick-drying additives to the titanium paint. 

LEADX was developed and is manufactured by Proactive Environmental Research and Development, Inc. (PERDI). PERDI indicates that patents are pending in the United States for processing and treatment of CRT such as those used for displays in televisions and computer monitors. Patents are also pending in the United States for the use of LEADX as an abrasive additive for sandblasting to immobilize lead from lead paint residue. LEADX is distributed by Proactive Applied Solutions Corporation (PASCO). EnviroBest Corporation markets two paint removers containing LEADX called PR-40/LEADX and PR-40AF/LEADX . 

The lead paint remover PR-40 with LEADX is available through the EnviroBest Corporation. A 5-gal pail of PR-40 with LEADX costs 210.00. A 55-gal drum of PR-40 with LEADX costs 2365.00 (D20236Y, p. 13). 

Of course, extreme intake of alcohol (or speed or LSD) can induce psychosis and cause brain damage. So can eating lead paint or, for that matter, I suppose, a great deal of carrot juice. 

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