Identification of airborne

Source Identification of Airborne Particles, In recent years, ingenious methods of identifying the point source of airborne particles have been developed. If not specific point sources of pollution, rather small regional areas can often be identified. Source of particles can be important for numerous reasons, including the enforcement of regulation and also in sorting out. for example, the various distant sources that contribute to acid rain pollution. 

Alcohol vapor, tin oxide sensor responses, 63,64-65f Algorithms, computer, detection and identification of airborne chemicals, 305-307... 

Yoshida, T. and Matsunage, I. (2006) A case study on identification of airborne organic compounds and hme courses of their concentrations in the cabin of a new car for private use. Environment International, 32, 58-79. 

Etz ES, Rosasco GJ, Blaha JJ (1978) Observation of the Raman Effect from small single particles Use in the chemical identification of airborne particulates. In Toribara TY et al (eds) Environmental Pollutants. Plenum Press, New York, p 413 Evans PA (1991) Spectrochim Acta 47A 1441 Everall NJ, Howard J (1989) Appl Spectrosc 43 778 Ewald PP (1921) Ann Phys 64 253... 

The earliest observation of soil particles by electron microscopy dates back to 1940, when a preparation scheme for the identification of airborne particles at magnifications up to 200 000x was initially published in 1946. It was, however, not until the mid-1970s that the first papers dealing with suspended aquatic particulates finally appeared. Since then more than a 1000 publications have been reported to link the use of electron microscopies to environmental particles and colloids. Historically, electron microscopies have been exploited for the evidencing... 

D. Wienke and P. K. Hopke, Ami. Chim. Acta, 291,1 (1994). Projection of Prim s Minimal Spanning Tree into a Kohonen Neural Network for Identification of Airborne Particle Sources by Their Multielement Trace Patterns. 

Setlhare G, Malebo N, Shale K, Lues R. Identification of airborne mierobiota in selected areas in a health-care setting in South Afiica. Bmc Microbiol. 2014 14 100... 

This Chapter provides information on available certified reference and quahty control materials relevant for use in the measurement of airborne contaminants in occupational hygiene. The majority of measurements made in this area worldwide are solvents, dust (total, respirable), elements, oil mist, quartz, fiber identification (asbestos, man-made fibers), mists and gases. 

Also, Petty et al. (2002) performed an in depth analysis of the OCP fraction of SPMD extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) resulting in the tentative identification of about 400 airborne organic chemicals, which were not present in SPMD field blanks. The OCP fraction represents only one of several enriched fractions from SPMD samples. Table 8.1 summarizes the various classes of compounds tentatively identified in SPMDs exposed to indoor air. 

In still another case, airborne asbestos is frequently qualitatively identified and/or sampled by either a licenced engineer or a certified asbestos contractors, and quantitatively analyzed by a certified laboratory. The building material, such as the insulation for the plumbing system, however, can only be removed by a State-certified asbestos contractor. The readers are referred to Section 3.6.3 for air sampling and identification of asbestos-containing materials. 

Lee ML, Prado GP, Howard JB, et al. 1977. Source identification of urban airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 4(3) 182-185. 

Neustadter, H. E., Fordyce, J. S. and King, R. B. (1976). "Elemental Composition of Airborne Particulates and Source Identification Data Analysis Techniques," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 26, 1079. 

Since the initial discovery of the mutagenicity of air samples in 1977, most of the research has focused on genotoxicity of organic extracts of the airborne particulate matter. However, this emphasis has been shifting and there is increasing interest in, and concern over, the vapor-phase mutagenicity of urban atmospheres and its toxicological implications. We discuss here examples of some of the studies in which bacterial assays have been used to help in the identification of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs and PACs in ambient air. 

Mukai, H., and Ambe, Y. (1986). Characterization of a humic acid-like brown substance in airborne particulate matter and tentative identification of its origin. Atmos. Environ. 5, 813-819. 

Lewtas J. 1988. Genotoxicity of complex mixtures strategies for the identification and comparative assessment of airborne mutagens and carcinogens from combustion sources. Fund Appl Toxicol 10 571-589. 

Levetin E Identification and concentration of airborne basidiospores. Grana 1991 30 123-128. Ingold CT Fungal Spores Their Liberation and Dispersal. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971. 

Benschop, H.P., Van der Schans, M.J., Langenberg, J.P. (2000). Toxicokinetics of O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)me-thylphosphonothioate [( )-VX] in rats, hairless guinea pigs and marmosets - identification of metabolic pathways. Cited in Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Vol. 3. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2003, 122 pp. 

In 1956 McCrone founded McCrone Associates, a private analytical laboratory in which the principal analytical technique employed was polarized light spectroscopy. Over the years he and his staff learned to visually identify over 30000 particles (McLafferty 1990). McCrone Associates speciahzed in the identification of polymorphs, asbestos samples, airborne impurities, among others. McCrone recently endowed a chair of chemical microscopy to Cornell University, his Alma Mater. 

Unlike people with pleural plaques alone, who do not have impaired pulmonary funetions or symptoms sueh as ehest pain, persons with asbestos-related pleural thiekening commonly experience symptoms and have impaired pulmonary function (American Thoracic Society 1986). Studies of groups of modem asbestos workers, who likely were exposed to lower airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers than workers in the first half of the twentieth century, found that the prevalence of pleural abnormalities (most often plaques) is often as high as 10 times higher than the prevalence of parenchymal abnormalities (Becklake 1994 Mossman and Gee 1989 Orlowski et al. 1994). Pleural effusions are early manifestations of inhalation exposure to high concentrations of asbestos the fluid contains varying amounts of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesothelial cells (American Thoracic Society 1986 Mossman and Gee 1989). Pleural effusions may be an early indication of mesothelioma and warrant further evaluation. Early identification of mesothelioma and intervention may increase chances of survival (ATSDR 2000). 

The environmental scientist has at his disposal a variety of sensitive, multi-elemental analytical methods that can lead to a massive amount of data on airborne metals. Optimum use of these tools for environmental monitoring calls for focusing resources only on those metals that are environmentally important. Considerations of toxicity along with their ability to interact in the air, leading to the formation of secondary pollutants, and their presence in air have led to the identification of 17 environmentally important metals nickel, beryllium, cadmium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, mercury, selenium, arsenic, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, titanium, chromium, and zinc. In addition to the airborne concentration, the particle size of environmentally important metals is perhaps the major consideration in assessing their importance. 

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