Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons airborne

A number of airborne chemical contaminants are EDs, particularly products of combustion such as dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... 

Finlayson-Pitts BJ, IN Pitts (1997) Tropospheric air pollution ozone, airborne toxics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles. Science 276 1045-1052. 

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are environmental contaminants which have been detected in airborne particulates, coal fly ash, diesel emission and carbon black photocopier toners. These compounds are metabolized Tn vitro to genotoxic agents through ring oxidation and/or nitroreduction. The details of these metabolic pathways are considered using 4-nitrobiphenyl, 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene, 5-nitro-acenaphthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 6-nitro-chrysene, 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-dinitro-pyrene, and 1-, 3- and 6-nitrobenzo[a] pyrene as examples ... 

Yamasaki, H., Kuwata, K., Kuge, Y. (1984) Determination of vapor pressure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the supercooled liquid phase and their adsorption on airborne particulate matter. Nippon Kagaka Kaish. 8, 1324—1329. 

Caslavsk, J. Kotlafikova, R Benesova, K. 2004, Sampling of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with semipermeable membrane devices. Environ. Chem. Letters 2 89-92. 

Lee ML, Prado GP, Howard JB, et al. 1977. Source identification of urban airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 4(3) 182-185. 

Gordon, R.J., (1976) "Distribution of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Throughout Los Angeles",... 

Based on these and other measurements of PAH levels, we suggest the following scenario for the transport of PAH. The various fuels which are burned in metropolitan areas produce airborne particulate matter (soot and fly ash) on which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are adsorbed. These particles are transported by the prevailing wind for distances which are a strong function of the particle s diameter. We suggest that the long range airborne transport of small particles accounts for PAH in deep ocean sediments. 

Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., and J. N. Pitts, Jr., Tropospheric Air Pollution Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles, Science, 27b, 1045-1052 (1997). 

Yamasaki, H K. Kuwata, and H. Miyamoto, Effects of Ambient Temperature on Aspects of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci, Technol, 16, 189-194 (1982). 

Yamasaki, H., K. Kuwata, and Y. Kuge, Determination of Vapor Pressure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Supercooled Liquid Phase and Their Adsorption on Airborne Particulate Matter, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 8, 1324-1329 (1984) (Chem. Abstr., 101, 156747p (1984)). 

Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives... 

The ubiquitous nature of these airborne PAHs is evident from the fact that the 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants shown in Table 10.1 (U.S. EPA, 1988) are found, as we shall see in this chapter, in urban airsheds throughout the world. Their widespread... 

De Raat, W. K., G. L. Bakker, and F. A. de Meijere, Comparison of Filter Materials Used for Sampling of Mutagens and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Airborne Particles, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2875-2887 (1990). 

Keller, C. D., and T. F. Bidleman, Collection of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Organics with a Glass Fiber Filter-Polyurethane Foam System, Atmos. Environ., 18, 837-845 (1984). 

Konig, J., E. Balfanz, W. Funcke, and T. Romanowski, Determination of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulate Matter by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 55, 599-603 (1983). 

Mahanama, K. R. R., L. A. Gundel, and J. M. Daisey, Selective Fluorescence Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Other Airborne Particles, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 56, 289-309 (1994). 

Thrane, K. E., and A. Mikalsen, High-Volume Sampling of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Glass Fiber Filters and Polyurethane Foam, Atmos. Environ., 15, 909-918 (1981). 

Choi H, Perera F, Pac A, Wang L, Flak E, Mroz E, Jacek R, Chai-Onn T, Jedrychowski W, Masters E, Camann D, Spengler J (2008) Estimating individual-level exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the gestational period based on personal, indoor, and outdoor monitoring. Environ Health Perspect 116(11) 1509—1518... 

A number of studies have examined the potential for airborne aluminum to induce respiratory effects in chronically exposed workers. Exposure to aluminum fumes and dust occurs in potrooms where hot aluminum metal is recovered from ore, in welding operations, and the production and use of finely powdered aluminum. Wheezing, dyspnea, and impaired lung function have been observed in potroom workers (Bast-Peetersen et al. 1994 Chan-Yeung et al. 1983 Simonsson et al. 1985). Because these workers were also exposed to a number of other toxic chemicals including sulfur dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide, and hydrogen fluoride, it is difficult to ascribe the respiratory effects to aluminum. 

Often, many simultaneously occurring pollutants or contaminants determine an environmental problem. In industry, agriculture, and households, products are often mixtures of many compounds. The process of production and consumption is accompanied by emissions and consequently by contamination. One example is the use of toxaphene in the past, a very complex mixture of polychlorinated camphenes, as a pesticide. Technical toxaphene consists of more than 175 individual compounds. A second example is industrial and domestic emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The emissions contain both a mixture of gases (SO2, NOx, CO2, etc.) and airborne particulate matter which itself contains a broad range of heavy metals and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). 

Direct photolysis processes on the surface of airborne particulate matter can be important sinks of sunlight-absorbing compounds (see [28] for a recent review by our group on this subject), and in particular of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [11]. The particles can protect adsorbed substrates against reaction with species such as OH and N03 from the gas phase, and enhance the relative role of direct photolysis. However, it should be considered that black carbonaceous... 

In addition to the need to monitor known problematic compounds, newer compounds are being identified as potential threats to humans and as such need to be monitored in the atmosphere. For example, researchers reported (10) that several chemical and instrumental analyses of HPLC fractions provided evidence for the presence of /V-nitroso compounds in extracts of airborne particles in New York City. The levels of these compounds were found to be approximately equivalent to the total concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air. Since 90% of the N-nitroso compounds that have been tested are carcinogens (10), the newly discovered but untested materials may represent a significant environmental hazard. The procedure involved collecting samples of breathable, particulate matter from the air in New York City. -These samples were extracted with dichloro-methane. Potential interferences were-removed by sequential extractions with 0.2 N NaOH (removal of acids, phenols, nitrates, and nitrites) and 0.2 N H2S04 (removal of amines and bases). The samples were then subjected to a fractional distillation and other treatments. Readers interested in the total details should consult the original article (10). Both thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC were used to separate the compounds present in the methanolic extract. 

Yamasaki H, Kuwata K, Miyamoto H (1982), Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 189-194.. .Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"... 

Perera, E.P., Rauh, V., et al (2006) Effect of prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on neurodevelopment in the first 3 years of life among inner-city children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(8) 1287-1292. 

Gordon R. J. (1976) Distribution of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout Los Angeles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 370-373. 

Madsen ES, Nielsen PA, Pedersen JC. 1982. The distribution and origin of mutagens in airborne particulates, detected by the Salmonella typhimurium microsome assay in relation to levels of lead, vanadium and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci Total Environ 24 13-25. 

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