Environmental particles

The chemistry of the mineral—water iaterface and of aquatic environmental particles and coUoids is reviewed ia References 25 and 26. References 16 and 27 review the role of the hydrosphere ia the biogeochemistry of global change. 

Heussner S, Cherry RD, Heyraud M (1990) Po-210 and Pb-210 in sediment trap particles on a Mediterranean continental margin. Cont. Shelf Res 10 989-100 Heyraud M, Cherry RD (1983) Correlation of Po-210 and Pb-210 enrichments in the sea-surface microlayer with neuston biomass. Cont Shelf Res 1 283-293 Honeyman BD, Santschi PH (1989)The role of particles and colloids in the transport of radionuclides and trace metals in the oceans. In Environmental particles. Buffle J, van Leewen HP (eds) Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, p 379-423... 

Broecker WS, Peng T-H (1982) Tracers in the Sea. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, New Yoik Buesseler KO, Bauer J, Chen R, Eghnton T, Gustafsson O, Landing W, Mopper K, Moran SB, Santschi P, Vernon Clark R, Wells M (1996) Sampling marine colloids using cross-flow filtration Overview and results from an intercomparison stndy. Marine Chem 55 1-31 Buffle J, van Leeuwen H (eds) (1992) Environmental Particles. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton Florida... 

Palecanda, A. and Kobzik, L., Alveolar macrophage-environmental particle interaction analysis by flow cytometry, Methods, 21, 241, 2000. 

Inorganic and organic compounds are often present in the environment in complex forms. Levels of contaminating metals and molecules are variable, depending on the natural conditions and anthropogenic activities. The contaminants may be airborne as vapour, droplets or dust particles, and in the soil in aqueous or particulate forms. In the case of aqueous systems, they can exist as emulsions, as dissolved ions or molecules and as suspended or sedimentary particles. Environmental particles have been reviewed in the first two volumes of this series [1,2]. 

Study alternative interphases, as in exposure of respiratory organs to environmental particles (Section 6.4). 

Figure 1. Schematic of an FFF channel with the separation mechanism for normal FFF shown in detail. Reprinted from [7] Beckett, R. and Hart, B. T. Use of field flow fractionation techniques to characterize aquatic particles, colloids and macromolecules . In Environmental Particles. Vol. 2, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems. Series eds. Buffle, J. and van Leeuwen, H. P., pp. 165-205. Copyright 1993 IUPAC. Reproduced with permission...

Buffle, J. and van Leeuwen, H. P. eds. (1992). Environmental Particles. IUPAC Series on Environmental Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Vol. 1, Lewis, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor. 

Environmental Particles Vol. 1 (1992) ISBN 0-87371-589-6 Edited by Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen Environmental Particles Vol. 2 (1993) ISBN 0-87371 -895-X Edited by Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen... 

Mavrocordatos D, Pronk W, Boiler M (2004) Analysis of environmental particles by atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Water Sci Technol 50 9-18... 

A number of potentially toxic trace metal and organic species are highly enriched at the surfaces of many types of environmental particles (11-14). 

Because many environmental particles are poor electrical conductors, charging produced by the incident electron beam is a major analytical concern in EMP and SAM (11,14). Because EMP analysis is not very surface specific, the sample surface is normally coated with a thin film of a low Z conducting material such as C. The surface specificity of the Auger technique generally precludes the use of surface coatings, and electrical charging of the particles may be exceedingly difficult to overcome experimentally (11, 14). 

Linton, R. W., Physico-Chemical Characterization of Environmental Particles Using Surface Microanalytical Techniques , Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1977. 

McCarthy, J. F. Degueldre, C. 1993. Sampling and characterization of colloids and particles in groundwater for studying their role in contaminant transport. In Buffle, J. van Leeuwen, H. P. (eds) Environmental Particles, Vol. 2. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 247-315. 

The Effect of Environmental Particles on Activity of Biotic Catalysts 90... 

A number of environmental particles have been shown to alter the activity of phe-noloxidase and other extracellular enzymes associated with the decomposition of... 

Another important consideration is the relative size of enzymes versus that of micropores (less than 2nm) in environmental particles which are especially abundant in noncrystalline mineral phases. Simple biomolecules (e.g., glucose, MW = 180 Da) can readily enter into micropores and can become stabilized by reacting with the mineral surface, whereas large macromolecules such as enzymes [e.g., laccase, MW = 60,000Da and diameter = 5nm (Andersen et al., 1996)] cannot enter and react with the trapped biomolecules. 

Environmental organic matter is a composite of humic and nonhumic substances, which is formed through operation and interactions of various biotic and abiotic processes. Humic substances are formed through both selected preservation (residue) and catalytic synthesis mechanisms. Both enzymatic and mineral catalyses contribute to the formation of humic substances in the environment. The relative importance of these catalytic reactions would depend on vegetation, microbial population and activity, enzymatic activity, mineralogical composition and surface chemistry of environmental particles, management practices, and environmental conditions. Selective preservation pathways would play a more important role in humification processes in poorly drained soils and lake sediments, compared with more aerated environmental conditions. 

Electrophoresis plays a key role as an analytical or preparative technique in the characterization of natural organic matter because it gives information about the behavior of these molecular mixtures in controlled solution conditions, depending on both the size and the charge distribution frequency of the analytes in the complex mixture. Historically, the first electrophoretic separations were conducted with environmental colloids and over the years all the techniques based on zone, gel electrophoresis, or isoelectric focusing were used in their different setups to analyze natural organic matter and environmental particles to a minor extent. The goal of... 

Schulten, H.-R., Leinweber, P., and Schnitzer, M. (1998). Analytical pyrolysis and computer modelling of humic and soil particles. In IUPAC Environmental Analytical and Physical Chemistry Series, Vol. 4 Environmental Particles Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles, Huang, P. M., Senesi, N, and Buffle, J., eds., John Wiley Sons, Chichester, England, Chapter 8, pp. 281-324. 

The classical free streaming Liouville operators are iCf1 1 = Jy and = for the light ( ) subsystem particles and (h) heavy environmental particles, respectively. The quantum-classical Wigner-Liouville equation (9) can be written in a more compact form,... 

Charlet, L. and Manceau, A. (1993) Structure, formation, and reactivity of hydrous oxide particles insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In Environmental Particles (eds van Leeuwen, H.E and Buffle, J.), Vol. II. Lewis Eublishers, Chelsea, MI. 

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