Hypochlorite salt

Hypochlorites, salts of Urea, amines, anthracene, carbon, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, glycerol, mercaptans, organic sulfides, sulfur, thiols... 

The first three classes are called available chlorine compounds and are related to chlorine by the equilibria in equations 1—4. These equilibria are rapidly established in aqueous solution (6), but the dissolution of some hypochlorite salts and A/-chloro compounds can be quite slow. 

Hypochlorite Salts., Hypochlorites are powerful oxidants and therefore may degrade polymeric chains. They are often used in combination with tertiary amines [1846]. The combination of the salt and the tertiary amine increases the reaction rate more than the application of a hypochlorite alone. A tertiary amino galactomannan may serve as an amine source [1062]. This also serves as a thickener before breaking. Hypochlorites are also effective for breaking stabilized fluids [1817]. Sodium thiosulfate has been proposed as a stabilizer for high-temperature applications. 

Substitution Sometimes substitution of a less hazardous material is feasible. For example, many chlorinating systems for water purification have recently converted from pressurized cylinders of liquid chlorine to a pelletized, hypochlorite salt. 

This is a process for destruction of microorganisms. Chlorine, hypochlorite salts, phenol, phenol derivatives, ozone, salts of heavy metals, chlorine dioxide, and so on are effective disinfectants. It may require pH adjustments. 

This is a process mainly used in power plants for destruction of cyanides using chlorine, hypochlorite salts, or ozone. The process removal efficiency is about 99.6% [12-19]. 

The use of a synthetic model system has provided valuable mechanistic insights into the molecular catalytic mechanism of P-450. Groves et al. [34]. were the first to report cytochrome P-450-type activity in a model system comprising iron meso-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride [(TPP)FeCl] and iodosylbenzene (PhIO) as an oxidant which can oxidize the Fe porphyrin directly to [(TPP)Fe =0] + in a shunt pathway. Thus, (TPP)FeCl and other metalloporphyrins can catalyze the monooxygenation of a variety of substrates by PhIO [35-40], hypochlorite salts [41, 42], p-cyano-A, A -dimethylanihne A -oxide [43-46], percarboxylic acids [47-50] and hydroperoxides [51, 52]. Catalytic activity was, however, rapidly reduced because of the destruction of the metalloporphyrin during the catalytic cycle [34-52]. When (TPP)FeCl was immobilized on the surface of silica or silica-alumina, catalytic reactivity and catalytic lifetime both increased significantly [53]. There have been several reports of supported catalysts based on such metalloporphyrins adsorbed or covalently bound to polymers [54-56]. Catalyst lifetime was also significantly improved by use of iron porphyrins such as mew-tetramesitylporphyrin chloride [(TMP)FeCl] and iron mcA o-tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)por-phyrin chloride [(TPFPP)FeCl], which resist oxidative destruction, because of steric and electronic effects and thereby act as efficient catalysts of P-450 type reactions [57-65]. 

In view of the purification and waste disposal problems with the chromium oxidations catalytic methods with ruthenium catalysts are more attractive. Ruthenium(Vlll) oxide is a strong oxidant that will also oxidize alkenes, alkynes, sulfides, and in some cases benzyl ethers. The method is compatible with glycosidic linkages, esters and acetals, and is usually carried out in a biphasic solvent system consisting of water and a chlorinated solvent. Acetonitrile or a phase-transfer catalyst has been shown to further promote the oxidation [29,30]. Normally, a periodate or a hypochlorite salt serve as the stoichiometric oxidant generating rutheni-um(VIII) oxide from either ruthenium(IV) oxide or ruthenium(III) chloride [30]. 

Chlorine and chlorine-releasing compounds have been used in the disinfection of water supplies for more than a century. The di.scovery that hypochlorous acid (HCIO) is the active germicidal species that is formed when chlorine is dissolved in water led to the development and use of the first inorganic hypochlorite salts such as NaOCI and Ca(OCI) . Later, organic Af-chloro compounds were developed as disinfectants. These compounds release hypochlorous acid when dissidvcd in water, especially in the presence of acid. Two equally plausible mechanisms have been proposed for the germicidal action of hypochlorous acid the chlorination of amide nitrn-... 

Chlorine in elemental or hypochlorite salt form is a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution and is used in water treatment for disinfection, and in industrial waste treatment facilities primarily to oxidize cyanide. Chlorine and hypochlorites can also be used to oxidize phenol-based chemicals, but their use is limited because of the formation of toxic chlorophenols if the process is not properly controlled. 

Calcium or sodium hypochlorite (e.g., household bleach) is also effective for disinfection of water supplies, and is a convenient choice for smaller volumes when required, such as for a single household, a hamlet, or for small campsites [7, 8]. Hypochlorite solutions are somewhat more expensive to buy than compressed chlorine gas, but the equipment required for metering it into the supply is simpler. With hypochlorite salts, similar equilibria operate to rapidly establish a concentration of hypochlorous acid, which corresponds to the amount of hypochlorite salt added (Eq. 5.7, Table 5.2). 

The % available chlorine from calcium hypochlorite by definition includes CI2, HCIO, and OCl (but not Cl ), is 99.2%, or nearly the same effectiveness on a weight for weight basis as treating with elemental chlorine [9]. As long as the residual chlorine level used with hypochlorite salt disinfections is the same as with chlorine gas, there is no difference in relative effectiveness. 

These oxygen radicals are very strong oxidizing agents. They are the effective bleaching and disinfecting agent in aqueous solutions of CI2 or hypochlorite salts. 

Later on, Liang and coworkers successfully employed trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as a new type of stoichiometric oxidant for the asymmetric epoxidation of acyclic enones in the presence of 10 mol% of catalyst 4 (Scheme 5.6) [9]. The desired epoxy ketones were obtained in good yields (69-93%) with high enantioselectivities (73-93% ee) under nonaqueous solid-liquid conditions [9b]. In this reaction, TCCA reacts with an inorganic base (KOH) to form a hypochlorite salt, which is transferred to the organic phase by the phase-transfer catalyst and oxidizes... 

De Poorter, B. and B. Meunier (1985). Metalloporphyrin-catalyzed epoxidation of terminal olefins with hypochlorite salts or potassium hydrogen persulfate. Perkin Trans. U,J. Chem. Soc. 1735-1740. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS absorb in dry earth, sand or vermiculite and place in a secured, sanitary landfill atomize large amounts in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device store in a cool, dry location with adequate ventilation keep away from strong oxidizers and hypochlorite salts. 

Incompatibilities and Reactivities Strong oxidizers, hypochlorite salts ... 

AU are unknown as isolated compounds, but act as weak acids in aqueous solutions values HOCl, 4.53 HOBr, 8.69 HOI, 10.64). Hypochlorite salts such as NaOCl, KOCl and Ca(OCl)2 (equation 17.64) can be isolated. NaOCl can be crystallized from a solution obtained by electrolysing aqueous NaCl in such a way that the CI2 liberated at the anode mixes with the NaOH produced at the cathode. Hypochlorites are powerful oxidizing agents and in the presence of alkali convert [IO3] to [IO4], Cr to [Cr04], and even Fe to [Fe04]. Bleaching powder is a non-deUquescent mixture of CaCl2, Ca(OH)2 and... 

Solutions of hypochlorites and hypochlorous acid are subject to gradual deterioration, forming chlorite (ClOi") and sometimes chloride (Cl ) and oxygen (O2) over a period of time. In general, the lower the pH, the less stable the solution. (Solid preparations of hypochlorite salts are quite stable if kept dry and cool.) HOCl and C10 react strongly with organic... 

This chapter reviews the production of sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium salts of hypochlorite as well as a crystalline complex of hydrated trisodium orthophosphate and sodium hypochlorite known as chlorinated trisodium phosphate. These inorganic hypochlorite salts are used in detergent and cleaning products to kill all types of pathogens, decolorize stains, and break down and remove many kinds of soil. They are also widely used for water and wastewater disinfection and a variety of industrial uses. 

Brine, a solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, in water, is the basic raw material for making inorganic hypochlorite. The electrolysis of brine produces chlorine, Clj, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which are used to make sodium hypochlorite. The chlorine is also used to make other hypochlorite salts. Dilute solutions of sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid are also made directly by the electrolysis of brine. 

R.E.D. Facts Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite Salts, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1991. 

Hypochlorite salt Cyanuric acid T richoro-S triazenetrione Alkalinization agents and pH stabilizers Sodium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bisulfate Algaecide components Elemental copper Copper sulfate Quarternary ammonium compounds... 

Allergic reactions to sodium hypochlorite and other hypochlorite salts are rare and have been reported in nine cases [35]. Neering described a patient who developed contact urticaria after swimming in chlorinated water [38]. The pool had been treated with sodium hypochlorite, and the patient patch tested... 

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