Hypochlorites, inorganic

Hydrogen Cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized 1051 13 than 5% available chlorine Hypochlorites, inorganic, n.o.s. 3212 35... 

Chlorine and Bromine Oxidizing Compounds. The organo chlorine compounds shown in Table 6 share chemistry with inorganic compounds, such as chlorine/77< 2-3 (9-j5y and sodium hypochlorite/7 )< /-j5 2-5 7. The fundamental action of chlorine compounds involves hydrolysis to hypochlorous acid (see Cm ORiNE oxygen acids and salts). 

The largest use of calcium hypochlorite is for water treatment. It is also used for I I and household disinfectants, cleaners, and mildewcides. Most of the household uses have been limited to in-tank toilet bowl cleaners. In areas where chlorine cannot be shipped or is otherwise unavailable, calcium hypochlorite is used to bleach textiles in commercial laundries and textile mills. It is usually first converted to sodium hypochlorite by mixing it with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and removing the precipitated calcium carbonate. Or, it can be dissolved in the presence of sufficient sodium tripolyphosphate to prevent the precipitation of calcium salts. However, calcium hypochlorite is not usually used to bleach laundry and textiles because of problems with insoluble inorganic calcium salts and precipitation of soaps and anionic detergents as their calcium salts. 

Much of the CI2O manufactured industrially is used to make hypochlorites, particularly Ca(OCl)2, and it is an effective bleach for wood-pulp and textiles. CI2O is also used to prepare chloroisocyanurates (p. 324) and chlorinated solvents (via mixed chain reactions in which Cl and OCl are the chain-propagating species).Its reactions with inorganic reagents are summarized in the scheme opposite. 

MIcrobiocldes. There are several microbiocides available commercially that can perform an effective function in controlling microbial activity. Some of these chemicals are inorganic, such as chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chromates and compounds of mercury and silver. However, the organic chemicals find the highest use as microbiocides. Some examples of these organic compounds are peracetic acid, paraformaldehyde, polychlorophenols and quaternary ammonium derivatives, to name a few [208]. 

A 3-1., three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a thermometer is then charged with an aqueous solution of 2.2 moles of calcium hypochlorite [Hypochlorous acid, calcium salt] (Note 3), and the piperidine acetate prepared above is placed in the dropping funnel. The hypochlorite solution is stirred and cooled to 0° to — 5° with a methanol-ice bath, and the piperidine acetate is added dropwise over a period of 1.25 hours while the temperature is maintained below 0°. After a further 15 minutes of stirring, equal portions of the mixture are placed in two 2-1. separatory funnels and extracted three times with a total of about 1300 ml. of ether. The ether extract is placed in a 2-1. flask and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate in a cold room at 4° overnight. After filtration to remove inorganic material, the bulk of the ether is removed by boiling on a water bath maintained below 60° (Note 4). 

Both inorganic and organic hypochlorites may be used for the oxidation of sulphoxides. The cheapest method involves the use of a commercial bleach, such as Chlorox . Such a method is indeed successful for unsaturated sulphoxides such as allyl methyl sulphoxide although the yields are generally low. Other sulphoxides may also be oxidized by this method, for example, dimethyl sulphoxide gave bis(trichloromethyl) sulphone in low yield . In some cases bis(dichloromethyl) sulphone was also isolated in very low yield. This oxidation procedure is also commonly used by organosulphur chemists for the removal of unwanted odours, caused by sulphoxides (and sulphides), from dirty glassware. 

Among the oxidative breakers, alkali, metal hypochlorites, and inorganic and organic peroxides have been described in literature. These materials degrade the polymer chains by oxidative mechanisms. Carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, or partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides were used for testing a series of oxidative gel breakers in a laboratory study [180]. 

Although some diazaquinones can be isolated, these species are generally formed in situ by reactions that utilize Clement s procedure (lead tetraacetate in acetonitrile) or Kealy s procedure (/-butyl hypochlorite in acetone). Kealy s procedure is preferred when pure solutions of diazaquinones free of inorganic salts and unreacted starting hydrazides are re-... 

Adam, L.C. Gordon, G. (1999) Hypochlorite ion decomposition effects of temperature, ionic strength, and chloride ion. Inorganic Chemistry, 38, 1299-1304. 

Examples Chlorine Hydrogen peroxide Nitric acid Nitrates Ozone Hypochlorites Examples Most organic and inorganic materials are not oxidizers Reducing agents... 

Whereas the inorganic hypochlorite is rather stable to photodecomposition, /-butyl hypochlorite is much more readily decomposed. It is not necessary to work in a totally darkened room. 

Oxidizers may not themselves be combustible, but they may provide reaction pathways to accelerate the oxidation of other combustible materials. Combustible solids and liquids should be segregated from oxidizers. Certain oxidizers undergo dangerous reactions with specific noncombustible materials. Some oxidizers, such as calcium hypochlorite, decompose upon heating or contamination and self-react with violent heat output. Oxidizers include nitrates, nitric acid, nitrites, inorganic peroxides, chlorates, chlorites, dichromates, hypochlorites, perchlorates, permanganates, persulfates and the halogens. 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

Hypochlorous acid reacts with inorganic bases with the formation of salts, called hypochlorites. 

Hypochlorites. The combination of the hypochlorite ion with a metallic ion or organic radical is called a hypochlorite. The inorganic compounds are called salts, while organic hypochlorites are esters... 

The following inorganic hypochlorites are described in literature aluminum (very unstable), ammonium (very unstable), barium, calcium, cupric, lithium, magnesium, potassium, silver (unstable), sodium, strontium and zinc. None of these salts is used in explosives or is explosive per se, but some of them are used in industry... 

An inorganic chemiluminescent reaction system involves the reaction hdtween alkaline solution of H202 and either Clj gas or OC1- (hypochlorite ion). This reaction has been extensively studied by Kasha and his aborators. The reaction produces a red glow with emission bands at I nm, 762 nm and 633 nm which have been identified as emission from... 

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