Trace elements copper

A current area of interest is the use of AB cements as devices for the controlled release of biologically active species (Allen et al, 1984). AB cements can be formulated to be degradable and to release bioactive elements when placed in appropriate environments. These elements can be incorporated into the cement matrix as either the cation or the anion cement former. Special copper/cobalt phosphates/selenates have been prepared which, when placed as boluses in the rumens of cattle and sheep, have the ability to decompose and release the essential trace elements copper, cobalt and selenium in a sustained fashion over many months (Chapter 6). Although practical examples are confined to phosphate cements, others are known which are based on a variety of anions polyacrylate (Chapter 5), oxychlorides and oxysulphates (Chapter 7) and a variety of organic chelating anions (Chapter 9). The number of cements available for this purpose is very great. 

Sigg, L., Kuhn, A., Xue, H., Kiefer, E. and Kistler, D. (1995) Cycles of trace elements (copper and zinc) in a eutrophic lake. In Aquatic Chemistry. Intefacial and Interspecies Process (eds Huang, C.R, O Melia, C.R. and Morgan, J.J.). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 177-194. 

Cycles of Trace Elements (Copper and Zinc) in a Eutrophic Lake... 

Riikgauer M, Klein J, Kruse-Jarres JD. 1997. Reference values for the trace elements copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc in the serum/plasma of children, adolescents, and adults. J Trace Elements Med Biol 11 92-98. 

Fergusson JE, Stewart C. 1992. The transport of airborne trace elements copper, lead, calcium, zinc, and manganese from a city into rural areas. Sci Total Environ 121 247-269. 

Cobalt, copper, molybdenum, iodine, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc are sometimes provided to mminants. Mineral deficiency or toxicity in sheep, especially copper and selenium, is a common example of dietary mineral imbalance (21). Other elements may be required for optimal mminant performance (22). ExceUent reviews of trace elements are available (5,22). 

Direct Process. Passing methyl chloride through a fluidized bed of copper and siUcon yields a mixture of chlorosilanes. The rate of methylchlorosilane (MCS) production and chemical selectivity, as determined by the ratio of dimethydichlorosilane to the other compounds formed, are significantly affected by trace elements in the catalyst bed very pure copper and siUcon gives poor yield and selectivity (22). 

Trace elements added to copper exert a significant influence on electrical conductivity. Effects on conductivity vary because of inherent differences ia effective atomic size and valency. The decrease ia conductivity produced by those elements appearing commonly ia copper, at a fixed atomic concentration, rank as follows Zn (least detrimental), Ag, Mg, Al, Ni, Si, Sn, P, Fe (most). Table 12 summarizes these effects. In the absence of chemical or physical interactions, the increase in electrical resistivity is linear with amounts of each element, and the effect of multiatom additions is additive. 

Copper is a one of important trace element required for many biochemical and physiological functions, but excess quantity of this metal in water and food may have undesirable consequences. In accordance with Russian sanitary standai d, general concentration of copper in drinking, fresh, domestic waters and in treated effluent hasn t to be more than 1 mg/1. 

The Fermentation Process The process by which this antifungal substance is produced is an aerobic fermentation of an aquaous nutrient medium inoculated with a pimaricin-producing strain of Streptomycesgihrosporeus. The nutrient medium contains an assimilable source of carbon such as starch, molasses, or glycerol, an assimilable source of nitrogen such as corn steep liquor and Inorganic cations such as potassium, sodium or calcium, and anions such as sulfate, phosphate or chloride. Trace elements such as boron, molybdenum or copper are supplied as needed in the form of impurities by the other constituents of the medium. 

The sotrace elements, such as boron, cobalt, iron,copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and still others may also be used to advantage. Generally, these trace elements occur in sufficient quantities in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous constituents of the medium, particularly if derived from natural sources, or in the tap water, and the addition of further quantities of these trace elements may consequently be unnecessary. 

Trace elements which adversely affect intercrystalline attack are normally controlled at a safe level. Copper is particularly pertinent in this respect since relatively small additions can cause a marked increase in intercrystalline attack in some alloy systems (Sections 1.3 and 1.7). 

Industrial production media must also contain sources of potassium, phosphorous and magnesium. Trace elements may also have to be added. The water used for medium preparation will be from the public water supply or other readily available source. The quality of the water is carefully monitored because the presence of certain metal salts, for example, calcium, copper and iron, can have adverse effects on both the growth of the oiganism and the rheological properties of the exopolysaccharides. 

Mass Balance Estimates. Based on National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System monitoring reports, the total daily discharge of trace elements into the main stem Willamette River is of the order of 100 pounds per day. Seventy-five percent of the total is zinc with the bulk of the remainder due to chromium and copper. Table 6 identifies industrial and natural sources of trace elements into the Willamette basin. The table indicates that an average of 97 percent of all trace element loading to the basin is natural in origin. The natural component is due to weathering of soil and rocks in the basin and this... 

Copper is an essential trace element. It is required in the diet because it is the metal cofactor for a variety of enzymes (see Table 50—5). Copper accepts and donates electrons and is involved in reactions involving dismu-tation, hydroxylation, and oxygenation. However, excess copper can cause problems because it can oxidize proteins and hpids, bind to nucleic acids, and enhance the production of free radicals. It is thus important to have mechanisms that will maintain the amount of copper in the body within normal hmits. The body of the normal adult contains about 100 mg of copper, located mostly in bone, liver, kidney, and muscle. The daily intake of copper is about 2—A mg, with about 50% being absorbed in the stomach and upper small intestine and the remainder excreted in the feces. Copper is carried to the liver bound to albumin, taken up by liver cells, and part of it is excreted in the bile. Copper also leaves the liver attached to ceruloplasmin, which is synthesized in that organ. 

Brant, P. J. Wilson, A. D. (1985). Reaction cements as materials for the sustained release of trace elements into the digestive tract of cattle and sheep. I. Copper release. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapeutics, 8,... 

E., Lachica, M., Abad-Lacruz, A., Gil, A., Humbert, P., Boix, J. and Gassull, M.A. (1990). Serum zinc, copper, and selenium levels in inflammatory bowel disease effect of total enteral nutrition on trace element status. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 85, 1584-1589. 

Trace elements are essential cofactors for numerous biochemical processes. Trace elements that are added routinely to PN include zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, and chromium. There are various commercial parenteral trace element formulations that can be added to PN admixtures (e.g., MTE-5 ). Zinc is important for wound healing, and patients with high-output fistulas, diarrhea, burns, and large open wounds may require additional zinc supplementation. Patients may lose as much as 12 to 17 mg zinc per liter of gastrointestinal (GI) output (e.g., from diarrhea or enterocutaneous fistula losses) however, others have demonstrated that 12 mg/day may be adequate to maintain these patients in positive zinc balance.18 Patients with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and short-gut syndrome may have increased selenium losses and may require additional selenium supplementation. Patients with severe cholestasis should have copper and manganese... 

Trace elements Provide standard parenteral trace element preparation (containing zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, and selenium) daily in PN Assess patient for any possible adjustments needed (e.g., delete copper and manganese from PN if the patient has evidence of severe cholestasis, supplemental zinc and selenium for any Gl or fistula losses) or potential deficiencies... 

Soil pH is easily tested for and determines the availability of nutrients and the success of white clover. Very acid soils (below pH 5.0) will cause a deficiency of the trace elements iron, boron, copper and molybdenum and conversely will cause injury to plant growth by increasing the availability of aluminium and manganese to toxic levels. Over-liming, on the other hand, which can raise the pH above 6.5, will reduce the availability of certain essential elements such as phosphorus, manganese and boron. 

Ecologically, copper is a trace element essential to many plants and animals. However, high levels of copper in soil can be directly toxic to certain soil microorganisms and can disrupt important microbial processes in soil, such as nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Copper is typically found in the environment as a solid metal in soils and soil sediment in surface water. There is no evidence that biotransformation processes have a significant bearing on the fate and transport of copper in water. 

The reddish metal was already known in prehistoric times. It occasionally occurs as a native metal, but mostly in conspicuous green ores, from which it is extracted relatively easily. It is convenient to work, but not very hard. Not very optimal as a tool ("Otzi the Iceman" had a copper axe with him). Only through the addition of tin is the more useful bronze obtained. Its zinc alloy is the versatile and widely used brass. Copper is one of the coinage metals. Water pipes are commonly made of copper. Its very good thermal and electrical conductivity is commonly exploited (cable ), as well as its durability (roofs, gutters), as the verdigris (basic copper carbonate) protects the metal. Cu phthalocyanines are the most beautiful blue pigments. Seems to be essential to all life as a trace element. In some molluscs, Cu replaces Fe in the heme complex. A 70-kg human contains 72 mg. 

Fig. 8.19. Histograms of trace elements in wine for manganese (a) and copper (b) (according to Danzer et al. [2001])...

Dissolved organic carbon and plant- or microbe- produced phytosiderophores increase the solubility of most trace elements in arid and semi-arid soils. This is especially important in arid regions. High pH increases the solubility of organic matter as dissolved organic carbon in arid soils. Copper, lead and nickel have a strong tendency to form complexes, while Cd complexes are weaker. Zinc, cobalt and manganese are... 

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