With Ruthenium

In 2011, Calhorda and coworkers [li] published a review on the mechanism for the synthesis of benzene and heterocyclic rings, as supported and inferred by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. 

In 2012, Ghosh and coworkers [20] reported the cydotrimerization of a variety of internal and terminal tJkynes with 5 mol% arachno-[ C xCO)j ji giving 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-substitutedbenzenes. In tJl cases, the latter isomer was favored except when/ -NH2CgH CCH was used. 

In 2011, Cadierno et al. [21] reported the Ru-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of internal and termind dkynes in aqueous media under microwave conditions with a bis(allyl)-Ru (IV) catalyst (0.5 - 2.5 mol%). The conversions were excellent with reaction times of less than 1 h. The procedure showed broad scope, but the regioselectivity was generally a problem, as a mixture of the 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-substituted products was obtained. 

In 2009, Telp and coworkers [22] reported a Ru-catalyzed cydotrimerization of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to hexamethyl mellitate in various bio-relevant media, such as fetal bovine serum or Escherichia coli cell lysate under aerobic ambient conditions. CpRuCl(COD) was used as the catdyst at a loading of 1 mol%. The yields were good. The intramolecular version was also successfully demonstrated. 

Cp ring, making the phosphane dissociation easier and the oxidative cyclization faster. These cat-alysts showed good functional group tolerance. This group has previously used tantalum, niobium, and cobalt catalysts for this transformation. 

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Carbon nanotubes mixed with ruthenium oxide powder, and immersed in a liquid electrolyte, have been shown by a Chinese research group to function as supercapacilors with much larger capacitance per unit volume than is normally accessible (Ma et al. 2000). 

Hydrogenation of 19-nor-A -3-keto steroids also gives 5a- and 5 -product mixtures under the usual conditions but with ruthenium oxide at high pressures only the 5j8-isomer is formed.The presence of a 4-methyl group on a A -3-keto steroid increases the amount of a attack as compared to the parent enone. ... 

Aromatic rings are hydrogenated with a variety of catalysts. However, aromatic alkoxy and hydroxyl substituents are susceptible to hydrogenolysis under most conditions used to saturate the ring. Hydrogenolysis does not occur to any appreciable extent with ruthenium catalysts even though high temperatures and pressures are required. Thus, substituted phenols are... 

Oxidation of a mixture of perfluorononene isomers to a mixture of per-fluorocarboxylic acids is accomplished with two agents, potassium permanganate and ruthenium tetroxide. Oxidation with potassium permanganate is slower and gives lower yields than oxidation with ruthenium tetroxide [40] (equation 32). 

The sequence has been applied to the synthesis of 1,4-cyclohexanedione from hydroquinone 10), using W-7 Raney nickel as prepared by Billica and Adkins 6), except that the catalyst was stored under water. The use of water as solvent permitted, after hltration of the catalyst, direct oxidation of the reaction mixture with ruthenium trichloride and sodium hypochlorite via ruthenium tetroxide 78). Hydroquinone can be reduced to the diol over /o Rh-on-C at ambient conditions quantitatively (20). 

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