Chlorine system

Gaskets in both dry gas and Hquid chlorine systems are made of mbberi2ed compressed asbestos. Eor wet chlorine gas, mbber or synthetic elastomers are acceptable. PTEE is resistant to both wet and dry chlorine gas and to Hquid chlorine up to 200°C. Tantalum, HasteUoy C, PTEE, PVDE, Monel, and nickel are recommended for membranes, mpture disks, and beUows. 

A plot of species distribution for the cyanuric acid-available chlorine system at 25°C is shown in Figure 4. In the presence of excess cyanuric acid, the predominant chlorinated specie is the monochloroisocyanurate ion, HClCy where Cy represents the triisocyanurate anion. Therefore, the only significant equilibria in pool water are... 

Literature A number of informative researches can be cited, but again the difficulties of experimentation and complicating factors have made the kinetic patterns difficult to generalize. The most investigated gas reactants have been oxygen and hydrogen and some chlorine systems. 

Abbreviated examples of What-lf/Checklist analyses of the Dock 8 HF Supply System and the Cooling Tower Chlorination System are shown in Tables 3.3.3-2 and 3.3.3-3. The tables show the additional scenarios identified by applying the Checklist to What-lf. 

HAZOP focuses on study nodes, process sections, and operating steps. The number of nodes depending on the team leader and study objectives. Conservative studies consider e er line and vessel. An experienced HAZOP leader may combine nodes. For example, the cooling looser . .ater chlorination system may be divided into a) chlorine supply to venturi, b) recirculation loop, and e) to .er water basin. Alternatively, two study nodes may be used a) recirculation loop and tower water basin, and b) chlorine supply to venturi. Or one study node for the entire process. 

Table 3.3.4-3 HAZOP of the Cooling Tower Chlorination System...

An FMEA is a qualitative, systematic table of equipment, failure modes, and their effects. For each item of equipment, the failure modes and root causes for that failure are identified along with a worst-case estimate of the consequences, the method of detecting the failure and mi "ation ofits effects. Tables 3.3.5-2 and 3.3.5-3 present partial examples ofFMEAs addressing the Cuoling Tower Chlorination System, and the Dock 8 HF Supply System. 

Table 3.3.5-2 Partial FMEA for the Coolins Water Chlorination System...

System Cooling Tower Chlorination System References ORNL-YYQ938596... 

What-If/Checklist Analysis of Cooling Tower Chlorination System. 85... 

Partial FMEA for the Cooling Water Chlorination System. 

In this section, reactions in which the chlorin system is retained arc also included. 

Eehrmann R, Bjerrum NJ, Poulsen EW (1978) Lower oxidation states of sulfur. 1. Spectrophotometric study of the sulfur-chlorine system in molten sodium chloride-aluminum chloride (37 63 mol%) at 150 °C. Inorg Chem 17 1195-1200... 

A prime example of this is the crucial ease of such oxidation in the magnesium(II) complex of the chlorin system present in chlorophyll during photosynthesis. Table 8 shows the half-wave potentials for the first ring oxidation of some metalloporphyrins, the examples chosen being based on 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin, TPP (2) and on 1,2,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin, OEP (16). 

LINE/VESSEL Cooling Water Chlorination System DATE December 22, 1992 PAGE of... 

DATE 1/4/93 PAGE 1 of 1 PLANT SYSTEM Cooling Water Chlorination System ITEM Pressure Check Valve REFERENCE ... 

Mass spectrometric investigations of the silicon-chlorine system do not seem to have been made. 

Substitution Sometimes substitution of a less hazardous material is feasible. For example, many chlorinating systems for water purification have recently converted from pressurized cylinders of liquid chlorine to a pelletized, hypochlorite salt. 

The Hydrogen-Chlorine System The formation of hydrochloric acid from hydrogen and chlorine is a well-known gas-phase reaction. This simple reaction system serves to illustrate the important steps that are characteristic of a chain reaction. The overall reaction can be written as... 

The investigations of early workers107 -252-269-423-426-426 -428,437 on the nitric oxide-chlorine system, while not immediately understandable, were concordant in their results. These results were critically reviewed and extended by Welinsky and Taylor,446 who recalculated the apparently inconsistent results of Trautz and co-workers and showed that the anomalous results they obtained in the presence of excess nitric oxide were due to incorrect analysis. Trautz had concluded that, in accordance with his general kinetic theory, the reaction proceeded by two consecutive steps, reactions (2) and (3). However, Welinsky and Taylor felt there was no basis for assuming any mechanism other than a single termolecular step. In Figure 5-1 values are shown for the third-order rate constant 1 for the reaction... 

The work by Ashmore and co-workers on the nitric oxide-chlorine system has already been mentioned in the context of reactions of nitric oxide with molecular halogens. It was first suggested in 1953 by Ashmore and Chanmugam10 that the second-order molecular mechanism for the thermal decomposition of nitrosyl chloride might be accompanied by a radical mechanism at higher temperatures, which they envisioned as... 

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