Hydrocarbon, halogenation

Naphthalene hydrocarbons halogen compounds, nitrogen compounds. (1949.) hydroxy compounds. (l950.) oxo-compounds except quinones. (1950.) quinones. (1962.)... 

Steroids hydrocarbon, halogen, nitrogen and hydroxyl derivatives. (1955.)... 

Typical nonsieve, polar adsorbents are siUca gel and activated alumina. Kquilihrium data have been pubUshed on many systems (11—16,46,47). The order of affinity for various chemical species is saturated hydrocarbons < aromatic hydrocarbons = halogenated hydrocarbons < ethers = esters = ketones < amines = alcohols < carboxylic acids. In general, the selectivities are parallel to those obtained by the use of selective polar solvents in hydrocarbon systems, even the magnitudes are similar. Consequendy, the commercial use of these adsorbents must compete with solvent-extraction techniques. 

Reaction with Organic Compounds. Aluminum is not attacked by saturated or unsaturated, aUphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons do not generally react with aluminum except in the presence of water, which leads to the forma tion of halogen acids. The chemical stabiUty of aluminum in the presence of alcohols is very good and stabiUty is excellent in the presence of aldehydes, ketones, and quinones. 

Materials of these types have T s of some 290-300°C and some grades are claimed to be stable to about 400°C. Whilst resistant to hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers and acids the polymers are soluble in such materials as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and pyridine. Bases can cause stress cracking. These non-crystalline polymers are tough at temperatures as low as -46°C whilst at 260°C they have the strength shown by PTFE at room temperature. The polymers also exhibit excellent electrical insulation properties. 

Vrednye khimichesldye veshchestva. Uglevodorody, galogenoproizvodnye uglevodorodov (Harmful Chemicals. Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Halogen Derivatives) / Ed. V.A. Filov. Leningrad Khimiya, 1990. 733 pp. 

Aluminum Ammonia, anhydrous Chlorinated hydrocarbons, halogens, steam Mercury, halogens, hypochlorites, chlorites, chlorine(I) oxide, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous), hydrogen peroxide, chromium(VI) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, chromyl(VI) chloride, sulfinyl chloride, magnesium perchlorate, peroxodisul-fates, phosphorus pentoxide, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, acrolein, gold(III) chloride... 

NIOSH. 1994. Hydrocarbons, halogenated - method 1033. In NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Cincinnati, OH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control. 

Such xenobiotics as aliphatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, chlorinated ahphatic compounds (methyl, ethyl, methylene, and ethylene chlorides), aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives (benzene, toluene, phthalate, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and phenol), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic compounds (chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and relatives, DDT and relatives), AZO dyes, compounds with nitrogroups (explosive-contaminated waste and herbicides), and organophosphate wastes can be treated effectively by aerobic microorganisms. 

The mechanism of action of inhalational anesthetics is unknown. The diversity of chemical structures (inert gas xenon hydrocarbons halogenated hydrocarbons) possessing anesthetic activity appears to rule out involvement of specific receptors. According to one hypothesis, uptake into the hydrophobic interior of the plasmalemma of neurons results in inhibition of electrical excitability and impulse propagation in the brain. This concept would explain the correlation between anesthetic potency and lipophilicity of anesthetic drugs (A). However, an interaction with lipophilic domains of membrane proteins is also conceivable. Anesthetic potency can be expressed in terms of the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) at which 50% of patients remain immobile following a defined painful stimulus (skin incision). Whereas the poorly lipophilic N2O must be inhaled in high concentrations (>70% of inspired air has to be replaced), much smaller concentrations (<5%) are required in the case of the more lipophilic halothane. 

Mono, di, trihalogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons HO—... 

Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Halogenated hydrocarbons are not easily metabolized and show significant stability in vivo. The addition of halogens tends to increase the lipophilicity and to prolong the half-life of the drug. 

Stanton and Jurs [3] developed a model for a more diverse set of compounds, including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanols, ethers, ketones, and esters. The model has been evaluated with 31 compounds, using, among others, charge partial surface area (CPSA) descriptors ... 

Method ofJoback and Reid The Joback and Reid method [15] applies for liquid hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and O-containing compounds ... 

Solvatochromic Approach Solvatochromic relationships are multivariate correlations between a property, usually solubility or partitioning property (see Sections 11.4 and 13.3), and solvatochromic parameters, parameters that account for the solutes interaction with the solvent. In the case of vapor pressure, the solvatochromic parameters only have to account for intermolecular interaction such as selfassociation between the solute (i.e., pure compound) molecules themselves. The following model has been reported for liquid and solid compounds, including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanols, dialkyl ethers, and compounds such as dimethyl formamide, dimethylacetamide, pyridine, and dimethyl sulfoxide... 

This approach has been applied for hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and various classes of pesticides. However, if the solute and water are mutually soluble into each other in appreciable amounts (e.g., > 5% mol), these equations are no longer... 

This bromination reaction results exclusively in alpha substitution and therefore is limited to carboxylic acids with a hydrogens. Chlorine with a trace of phosphorus reacts similarily but with less overall specificity, because concurrent free-radical chlorination can occur at all positions along the chain (as in hydrocarbon halogenation see Section 4-6A). 

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