Mixed halogenated hydrocarbons

N204 also forms expl mixts with incompletely halogenated hydrocarbons, NGu, carbon disulfide, etc (Ref 33). The effect of spontaneous decompn by oxidation-reduction reactions when N204 is mixed with a number of fuels (hydrazine, gasoline, liq paraffin, etc) has resulted in its extensive use in liq propint rocket engines (Refs 12, 22, 27 35)... 

Bobra AM, Brown JR, Clark AG. 1978. Bacterial degradation of crude oil and oil compounds in pure and mixed culture systems. In Afghan BK, MacKay D, eds. Hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. New York, NY Plenum Press, 521-530. 

The KPEG process is an ex situ chemical dehalogenation technology for use on soils, sediments, and sludges. Proprietary KPEG is mixed with halogenated hydrocarbons to produce an... 

Similarly, an explosive material results when alkyl phosphines are mixed with halogenated hydrocarbons. 

If a single solvent will not accomplish the separation, try a mixture of two solvents of different types (e.g., on silica, try mixing a hydrocarbon and a halogenated hydrocarbon for fairly nonpolar solutes, or a hydrocarbon and an ether for moderately polar compounds). This simplifies mobile phase preparation and column equilibration. 

Solubility. —White phosphorus is almost insoluble in water. It dissolves easily in liquid ammonia, sulphur dioxide and cyanogen, also in such compounds as phosphorus trichloride which mix with typical organic solvents. It is moderately soluble in fatty oils, also in hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform and especially methylene iodide. One of the best solvents for phosphorus, as for sulphur, is carbon disulphide, which seems to dissolve it in all proportions at ordinary temperatures a solution has even... 

Of the solvents, aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons are r-donors ( r-EPD) alcohols, ethers, amines, carboxamides, nitriles, ketones, sulfoxides and N- and P-oxides are n-donors (n-EPD), and haloalkanes are cr-donors (cr-EPD). Boron and antimony triha-lides are acceptor solvents (r-EPA), as are halogens and mixed halogens (c-EPA), and liquid sulfur dioxide (ti-EPA). In principle, all solvents are amphoteric in this respect, i.e. they may act as a donor (nucleophile) and an acceptor (electrophile) simultaneously. For example, water can act as a donor (by means of the oxygen atom) as well as as an acceptor (by forming hydrogen bonds). This is one of the reasons for the exceptional importance of water as a solvent. 

Solubility lecithins are soluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, mineral oil, and fatty acids. They are practically insoluble in cold vegetable and animal oils, polar solvents, and water. When mixed with water, however, lecithins hydrate to form emulsions. 

Nitromethane has been used as a chemical stabilizer for a variety of halogenated hydrocarbon solvents and aerosol propellants. In addition, it is a solvent, a chemical intermediate, a fuel for professional racing and hobby cars, an explosive when mixed with ammonium nitrate, and a rocket propellant. 

According to various estimates the effect of halogenated hydrocarbons on the stratospheric ozone layer may exceed that of nitrogen oxides. As we have seen (Subsection 3.3.3), these anthropogenic species are emitted into the atmosphere at the surface but they reach the stratosphere by mixing. There they photolyze, forming chlorine, which may reduce the ozone quantity (see Subsection 3.4.3). Figure 55, published by Wofsy et al. (1975), reproduces the results of model... 

Biotransformation of certain chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides results in their conversion to metabolites which are less polar than the parent chemical. Heptachlor and aldrin are converted to the more lipophilic compounds heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin, respectively, whereas DDT is converted to DDE. The primary residue of DDT, which persists to the present day in animals and humans after exposure over a decade ago, is DDE. Following biotransformation, these compounds distribute to tissues which are higher in neutral lipid content than are the major organs of metabolism and excretion, the liver and kidney. These lipid-rich tissues are relatively, deficient in the so-called mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme systems necessary for biotransformation of the halogenated hydrocarbons to more polar and thus more easily excreted compounds. As a result, these lipophilic chemicals remain unchanged in adipose tissue with only limited amounts returning to the circulation for possible metabolism and excretion. Paradoxically, aldrin and heptachlor metabolism results in an increased rather than reduced body load. This is opposite of the pattern seen for most other pesticide classes. 

The antihypertensive effects of guanethidine may be partially or totally reversed by the mixed-acting sympathomi-metics. Halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics may sensitize the myocardium to the effects of catecholamines. Use of vasopressors may lead to serious arrhythmias. MAO inhibitors, such as tranylcypromine, increase the pressor response to mixed-acting vasopressors. Possible hypertensive crisis and intracranial hemorrhage may occur. This interaction may also occur with furazolidone, an antimicrobial with MAO inhibitor activity. In obstetrics, if vasopressor drugs are used either to correct hypotension or are added to the local anesthetic solution, some oxytocics may cause severe persistent hypertension in the presence of mephenteramine. The pressor response of mephenteramine may be attenuated by tricyclic antidepressants, which block the uptake of norepinephrine. 

Products of incomplete combustion have been shown to increase as the catalyst deactivates. Agarwal et al. report that the oxidation of a mixed stream of trichloroethylene and C5-C9 hydrocarbons over a chromia alumina catalyst produced CO equal to 32% of the total CO + CO2 with fresh catalyst. With a deactivated catalyst, CO had risen to 54% of the total carbon oxides produced. Pope et al. report products of incomplete combustion for the oxidation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane over a cobalt oxide catalyst. The cause of the catalyst deactivation has not been established, but both Agarwal et al. and Michalowiczl reference evidence of carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst after oxidation of halogenated hydrocarbons. ESCA studies by Hucknall et al. O have always shown a carbon residue on palladium alumina catalysts in addition to adsorbed halogen. 

Incompatibilities and Reactivities Strong oxidizers acids, halogenated hydrocarbons [Note Corrodes in contact with acids other metals. Ignition may occur if powders are mixed with halogens, carbon disulfide, or methyl chloride.] ... 

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