Aliphatic hydrocarbons halogenation

Mono, di, trihalogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons HO—... 

Callahan, M.A., Slimak, M.W., Gabel, N.W., May, I.P, Fowler, C.F., Freed, J.R., Jennings, P., Durfee, R.L., Whitemore, F.C., Maestri, B., Mabey, W.R., Holt, B.R., Gould, C. (1979) Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Vol.II, Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated ethers, monocyclic aromatics, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosoamines and miscellaneous compounds. LPAH40/4-79-029b. 

EPA. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. II Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated ethers, monocyclic aromatics, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, miscellaneous compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA-440/4-79-029B. 

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Amides, Nitro Compounds, Ethers, and Esters 661... 

Di- and poly-halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. No general procedure can be given for the preparation of derivatives of these compounds. Reliance must be placed upon their physical properties (b.p., density and refractive index) and upon any chemical reactions which they undergo. 

The chemical resistance of PCTFE is good but not as good as that of PTFE. Under certain circumstances substances such as chlorosulphonic acid, molten caustic alkalis and molten alkali metal will adversely affect the material. Alcohols, acids, phenols and aliphatic hydrocarbons have little effect but certain aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, halogenated hydrocarbons and ethers may cause swelling at elevated temperatures. 

With PBAs the compressed gases often used are nitrogen or carbon dioxide. These gases are injected into a plastic melt in the screw barrel under pressure (higher than the melt pressure) and form a cellular structure when the melt is released to atmospheric pressure or low pressure. The volatile liquids are usually aliphatic hydrocarbons, which may be halogenated, and include materials such as carbon dioxide, pentane, hexane, methyl chloride, etc. Polychlorofluoro-carbons were formerly used but they have now been phased out due to environment problems. 

Callen DF, Wolf CR, Philpot RM. 1980. Cytochrome P-450-mediated genetic activity and cytotoxicity of seven halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 77 55-63. 

Dickson AG, Riley JP. 1976. The distribution of short-chain halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in some marine organisms. Mar Pollut Bull 7 167-169. 

Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengart G, et al. 1979. Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefmic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 63 1433-1439. 

NR is not oil resistant and is swollen by aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. It is resistant to many inorganic chemicals, but not to oxidising acids and had limited resistance to mineral acids. It is unsuitable for use with organic liquids in general, the major exception being alcohols of low molecular weight. 

Due to the unsaturation present in the main chain, protection is required against oxygen, UV and ozone. Oil resistance is poor and the polymer is not resistant to aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. 

Mersch-Sundermann V, Muller G, Hofmeister A. 1989. Examination of mutagenicity of organic microcontaminations of the environment. IV. Communication the mutagenicity of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons with SOS-Chromotest. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 266-271. 

Roldan-Aijona T, Garcia-Pedrajas MD, Luque-Romero FL, et al. 1991. An association between mutagenicity in rodents for 16 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Mutagenesis 6 199-205. 

Crebelli, R., Andreoli, C., Carere, A., Conti, L., Crochi, B., Cotta-Ramusino, M., Benigni, R. Toxicology of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons Structural and molecular determinants for the disturbance of chromosome segregation and the induction of lipid peroxidation. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1995, 98, 113-129. 

Solvents can be classified into three categories according to their polarity namely, polar protic, dipolar aprotic and non-polar. Most of the common solvents fall under one of following chemical classes Aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, amines, nitriles, nitro-derivatives, amides and sulfur-containing solvents (Marcus, 1998). In certain cases a mixture of two or more solvents would perform better than a single solvent. 

Chemical resistance is generally good to limited at room temperature versus dilute bases and weak acids, oils, greases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and certain alcohols. Resistance is limited to unsatisfactory versus aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Polyesters are attacked by organic and mineral acids, oxidizing agents, concentrated bases, and phenols. 

PVDFs are not sensitive to most strong mineral and organic acids, oxidizing agents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, some halogenated solvents, alcohols, bromine, metal salt solutions, or weak bases. 

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