Halogenated hydrocarbons 1.2- dichloroethane

Kramers, P.G., Mout, H.C., Bissumbhar, B. Mulder, C.R. (1991) Inhalation exposure in Drosophila mutagenesis assays experiments with aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons, with emphasis on the genetic activity profile of 1,2-dichloroethane. Mutat. Res., 252, 17-33... 

The positive charge of solvent radical-cations transfers to solute molecules in halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform and dichloroethane. However, only few studies have been made on the radical cations of polymers in solution. Tanaka et al. observed the dimer cation of the biphenyl group or the pyrenyl group of the polymers in the pulse radiolysis of PVB and PVP in 1,2-dichloroethane [49]. The absence of the monomeric cation is due to the rapid intramolecular dimerization of the radical cations of the side groups of the polymers. Irie et al. observed two kinds of intramolecular dimer cations in the... 

For the synthesis of 6,12-dihydro-6-hydroxy-cannabidiol as the intermediate in accordance with the invention the starting materials are the readily available olivetol (formula II) and cis-p-menth-2-ene-l,8-diol (formula III). The reaction is performed in a suitable solvent, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, dichloroethane and trichloroethane, ethers such as diethylether, diisopropylether and tetrahydrofuran having proved to be suitable. Furthermore it is possible to use mixtures of the said solvents. Toluene, benzene, methylene chloride and chloroform are the preferred solvents for use in the method of the invention. 

Another type of selectivity effect that can become important during the deactivation of oxidation catalysts for halogenated hydrocarbons arises from the inherent selectivity of the catalyst. Ramanathan and Spivey 0 studied the catalytic oxidation of dichloroethane and of trichloroethane over chromia on alumina catalyst. The selectivity observed is summarized in Figure 9, below ... 

Al-Hayan, M. N. M. Newsham, D. M. T. Isobaric vapour-liquid equihbria for mixtures containing halogenated hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure I. Binary mixtures of trichloromethane + 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane + 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloromethane -1-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and n-heptane -1-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Fluid Phase Equilib. 1999,166,91-100... 

Heilman B, Brandt I. 1986. Effects of carcinogenic halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons on [ H] thymidine incorporation into various organs of the mouse A comparison between 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. Mutat Res 163 193-199. 

The technology is applicable to chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) dichloroethylene (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (per-chloroethylene, PCE) dichloroethane (DCA) vinyl chloride alcohols ethers ketones and halogenated and nonhalogenated paraffinic, olefinic, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is very effective at treating benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and any oxygenate, such as acetone or isopropanol. 

Researchers believe that the PSVE technology can be used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Some chemicals treated with PSVE include carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride (VC), chlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloroethene (DCE), trichloroethane (TCA), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). 

Organic solvents, which induce CYP2E1, are comprised of a few broad chemical classes, including hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene, halogenated aliphatic compounds such as carbon tetrachloride and dichloroethane, aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol, and hydroxyethers such as 2-methoxyethanol. Industrial solvents are frequently mixtures of several compounds. The most frequent solvent-associated toxicity occurs from occupational exposure. A number of organic solvents have been examined for their effects on the immune system, and the requirement for their bioactivation to produce immunotoxicity has been well established. 

Rey et al. ° removed chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon from a pharmaceutical plant by stripping the chlorinated hydrocarbons with air and then adsorbing in activated carbon beds. The removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethane, cis, and trans dichloroethane from ground water contaminated with these nonaqueous liquids was carried out by Yu et al." using activated carbon fibers. All the halogenated compounds were adsorbed rapidly by the activated carbon... 

Solubility readily sol hydrocarbons, dialkyl ethers, halogenated solvents. CH2CI2 is employed most commonly. Reactions in 1,2-dichloroethane proceed faster than those in CCLj or Et20. Protic solvents and THF react with trialkylsilyl triflates and are therefore not suitable. 

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