Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Hagenmaier et al. [59] have described a method for the quantitative gas chromatographic determination of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in lake water samples. Sample enrichment is effected by liquid-liquid extraction with pentane, followed by separation on a capillary gas-liquid chromatographic column, with electron capture detection. A 1 25 pentane-water ratio was employed in conjunction with a standard solution of a reference compound (1-bromobutane) for estimating extraction... 

Kaiser, K.L.E. and Oliver, B.G. Determination of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in water by gas chromatography. Analytical Chemistry 1976,48 (14), 2207-2209. 

Simultaneous Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons and BT X 507 Table 4.3 Results of the surface water sample of Figure 4.9. 

Simultaneous Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons and BTEX... 

Hovorka, S. and Dohnal, V. Determination of air-water partitioning of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons by the inert gas stripping method, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42(5) 924-933, 1997. 

MacKenzie Peers A. 1985. The determination of methyl bromide in air-method 8. In Fishbein L, O Neill IK, ed. Environmental carcinogens selected methods of analysis. Vol. 7. Some volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. Lyon France International Agency for Research on Cancer, 227-233. 

Peoples AJ, Pfaffenberger CD, Shafik TM, et al. 1979. Determination of volatile purgeable halogenated hydrocarbons in human adipose tissue and blood serum. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23 244-249. 

Piet, G. J., Luijten, W.C.M.M. van Noort, P.C.M. (1985a) Dynamic head-space determination of volatile organic halogen compounds in water. In Fishbein, L. O Neill, I. K., eds. Environmental Carcinogens. Selected Methods of Analysis, Vol. 7, Some Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons (lARC Scientific Publications No. 68), Lyon, lARC, pp. 331-343... 

For an assessment of the global distribution of persistent volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, the solubility and activity coefficients of such compounds in natural waters need to be known. Warner and Weiss (1985) have determined the solubilities of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) at 1 bar partial pressure at various temperatures in freshwater and in seawater (35.8%o salinity) ... 

Table 2.9.1 lists some commonly used volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. Most of these are U.S. EPA listed pollutants. The term volatile indicates that these substances may be extracted by purge and trap technique. This also includes a few compounds of relatively moderate boiling range, responding adequately to the purge and trap method. The characteristic masses for GC/MS determination are also presented in the table. 

Desbaumes and Imhoff [26] have described a method for the determination of volatile hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives in water. 

ISO 10381-2 (1994) Soil quality - Sampling - Part 2 Guidance on the design of sampling techniques. ISO 10381 (1997) Water quality - Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons - Gas-chromatographic methods. 

ISO/DIS 15009 (In preparation) Soil quality - Gas chromatographic determination of the content of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons - Purge and trap method with thermal desorption. 

For the determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, the GC-MS technique has not been included explicitly in the principles of EN ISO 10301 (EN/ISO, 1997d), so reference is made to the ECD-technique. 

Systematic determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (HHC) in water samples using gas chromatography... 

ISO/DIS 22155 Soil quality - Gas chromatographic quantitative determination of volatile aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and selected ethers. Static headspace method. 

Shafik, T. M., and Enos, H. F., Determination of Volatile Purgeable Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Human Adipose Tissue and Blood Serum Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 (1-2) 244-249 (1979) CA 81 ... 

Use Environmental analysis, for example, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, PCBs. Selective detection of amines, for example, in packaging or foodstuffs. Determination of sulfur-containing components. 

The use of water is universal. In the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, considerable increases in response compared with El detectors are found. Analytical procedures have even been published for nitroaromatics. Water can also be used successfully as a reagent gas for screening small molecules, for example, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (industrial solvents), as it does not interfere with the low scan range for these substances. 

A laboratory term referring to the 60 analytes of the combined volatile halogenated hydrocarbon/BTEX determination (VOC), which are analysed together in EPA methods, for example, by purge and trap GC-MS. 

Volatile organic compounds, a group of analytes, which are determined together using an EPA method and which contain both volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and BTEX. 

There has been a growing interest in applying high performance liquid chromatography, to the determination of the not only volatile compounds, such as aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic halogen compounds, haloforms and some esters, phenols and others but also non volatile components of water. 

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