Hydrocarbons Halogenated olefins

Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengart G, et al. 1979. Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 63 1433-1439. 

Rock, D. (1979) Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in... 

Infrared chemiluminescence measurements [581] of the HF products from the reactions of fluorine atoms with a wide range of pure and halogenated olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons (see list in Table 7)... 

A group of substances which are closely associated with the gas hydrates, are the compounds of urea (and thiourea) with a large number of organic substances with long-chain molecules, such as normal saturated hydrocarbons and olefins, alcohols, acids, esters, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.3, which were discovered accidentally by Bengen in 1940. These compounds are only produced with unbranched, non-cyclic molecules4. This is even so very specific that a method of separation can be based on it for normal and iso hydrocarbons in mixtures. 

In the early sixties, a redox catalyst system for the addition of halogenated hydrocarbons to olefins was discovered at Dow (3). The addition was carried out in the presence of a mixture of cuprous chloride and an amine such as piperidine or cyclohexylamine (Scheme II). Essentially quantitative yields of the one-to-one adducts could be obtained and the new catalyst system worked as well with carbon tetrachloride as bromotrichloromethane. Independently, M. Asscher and D. Vofsi (4) found a similar catalyst system. 

The HF-pentavalent antimony halide reaction is not limited to the methane series but has been applied to longer-chain saturated and unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons, cyclic olefins, and dienes, and certain of the silica organic derivatives. 

In reactions with organic molecules e q reacts as nucleophilic reagent it attacks molecules with low-lying molecular orbital, like aromatic hydrocarbons, conjugated olefinic molecules, carboxyl compounds, and halogenated hydrocarbons (Swallow 1982 Buxton 1982, 1987 Buxton et al. 1988). In the latter case, addition is usually followed by halide ion elimination, so the reaction can be considered as a dissociative electron capture. For instance, the reaction with chlorobenzene yields phenyl radical and chloride ion... 

Like NR, SBR is an unsaturated hydrocarbon polymer. Hence unvulcanised compounds will dissolve in most hydrocarbon solvents and other liquids of similar solubility parameter, whilst vulcanised stocks will swell extensively. Both materials will also undergo many olefinic-type reactions such as oxidation, ozone attack, halogenation, hydrohalogenation and so on, although the activity and detailed reactions differ because of the presence of the adjacent methyl group to the double bond in the natural rubber molecule. Both rubbers may be reinforced by carbon black and neither can be classed as heat-resisting rubbers. 

Additions of halogen fluorides to the more electrophilic perfluonnated olefins generally require different conditions Reactions of iodine fluoride, generated in situ from iodine and iodine pentafluoride [62 102 103, /05] or iodine, hydrogen fluoride, and parapeiiodic aud [104], with fluormated olefins (equations 8-10) are especially well studied because the perfluoroalkyl iodide products are useful precursors of surfactants and other fluorochemicals Somewhat higher temperatures are required compared with reactions with hydrocarbon olefins Additions of bromine fluoride, from bromine and bromine trifluonde, to perfluonnated olefins are also known [lOti]... 

The unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons include the alkene or olefin series, the diene series, and the alkyne series. The alkene series is made up of chain hydrocarbons in which a double bond exists between two carbon atoms. The general formula for the series is CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms. As in the paraffin series, the lower members are gases, intermediate compounds are liquids, and the higher members of the series are solids. The alkene series compounds are more active chemically than the saturated compounds. They react easily with substances such as halogens by adding atoms at the double bonds. 

Von Oettingen WF. 1955. The halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbons including the halogenated insecticides, their toxicity and potential dangers. Washington, DC U.S. Public Health Service. PHS Publication No. 414, 15-28. 

The technology is applicable to chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) dichloroethylene (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (per-chloroethylene, PCE) dichloroethane (DCA) vinyl chloride alcohols ethers ketones and halogenated and nonhalogenated paraffinic, olefinic, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is very effective at treating benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and any oxygenate, such as acetone or isopropanol. 

Finally, binuclear lanthanide(III)-silver(I) shift reagents are noteworthy. These form complexes with olefins, aromatic rings, halogenated saturated hydrocarbons, and phosphines. Due to the lack of polar groups, these functionalities do not give significant LIS with common mononuclear LSR. Applications of this binuclear technique have been reviewed261 for example, the Z- and E-isomers of 2-octene can be differentiated. 

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