Halogenated Hydrocarbon Producers

The halogenated solvents produced by the five United States manufacturers and their corresponding trademarks are detailed in Table 14.1. 

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E) Several halogenated hydrocarbons produce vascular relaxation to reduce blood pressure. 

Aqueous mineral acids react with BF to yield the hydrates of BF or the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acid, or boric acid. Solution in aqueous alkali gives the soluble salts of the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acids, or boric acid. Boron trifluoride, slightly soluble in many organic solvents including saturated hydrocarbons (qv), halogenated hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds, easily polymerizes unsaturated compounds such as butylenes (qv), styrene (qv), or vinyl esters, as well as easily cleaved cycHc molecules such as tetrahydrofuran (see Furan derivatives). Other molecules containing electron-donating atoms such as O, S, N, P, etc, eg, alcohols, acids, amines, phosphines, and ethers, may dissolve BF to produce soluble adducts. 

It is important to produce HCl rather than elemental chlorine, CI2, because HCl can be easily scmbbed out of the exhaust stream, whereas CI2 is very difficult to scmb from the reactor off-gas. If the halogenated hydrocarbon is deficient in hydrogen relative to that needed to produce HCl, low levels of water vapor may be needed in the entering stream (45) and an optional water injector may be utilized. For example, trichloroethylene [79-01 -6] C2HCI2, and carbon tetrachloride require some water vapor as a source of hydrogen (45). 

Groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is being remediated by a conventional air stripper or a rotary stripper, producing an air stream containing the halogenated hydrocarbon vapors and saturated with water vapor (45), which is then passed through a catalyst bed. 

Dibromoethane is a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon produced when gaseous ethylene comes in contact with bromine. The mixing of ethylene and bromine is accomplished in a variety of ways. One of the more common manufacturing processes involves a liquid-phase bromination of ethylene at 35°-85°C. After the bromination of ethylene, the mixture is neutralized to free acid and then purified by distillation. Other methods of 1,2-dibromoethane formation include the hydrobromination of acetylene and a reaction of 1,2-dibromoethane with water (Fishbein 1980 HSDB 1989). 

Sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds will produce their corresponding oxides and should not be incinerated without considering their effects on air quality. Halogenated hydrocarbons not only may affect air quality but also may corrode the incinerator. Also, organo-metallic compounds containing cadmium, mercury, and so on, are not recommended for incineration because of the potential for air and solid waste contamination. 

Unlike enflurane, isoflurane does not produce a seizurelike EEG pattern. Furthermore, the metabolic transformation of isoflurane is only one-tenth that of enflurane, so fluoride production is quite low. Among the halogenated hydrocarbons, isoflurane is one of the most popular, since it preserves cardiovascular stability and causes a low incidence of untoward effects. 

The KPEG process is an ex situ chemical dehalogenation technology for use on soils, sediments, and sludges. Proprietary KPEG is mixed with halogenated hydrocarbons to produce an... 

Nephrotoxins Hie tenn refers to a specific target organ characterization of effect. Nephrotoxins are chemicals which produce kidney damage. Signs and symptoms are edema and proteinuria. Examples are halogenated hydrocarbons and uranium. 

Other investigators used flame emission as a modified Beilstein test for the detection of halogenated hydrocarbons. In such an arrangement, a green flame was produced when halogenated hydrocarbons were burned in the presence of a copper wire. Replacement of the copper with indium improves specificity and... 

Many halogenated hydrocarbons are substrates for GSH-transferase-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reactions that produce S-substituted glutathione (GSH) derivatives. These are normal SN2 displacements of halide with thiolate anion that occur with inver-... 

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