Halogenated hydrocarbons analysis

The compounds are separated on the GC column, temperature programmed, and determined by an ECD, FID, or MS. Although these methods were developed for a limited number of specific compounds, the same methods may be applied to related compounds. Selection of the methods should be based on the boiling points of the halogenated hydrocarbons. Table 2.9.4 presents U.S. EPA s Method numbers for air analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons. Analysis of compounds not listed in Table 2.9.4, however, may be performed by similar procedures, based on their boiling points. 

Reference methods for criteria (19) and hazardous (20) poUutants estabHshed by the US EPA include sulfur dioxide [7446-09-5] by the West-Gaeke method carbon monoxide [630-08-0] by nondispersive infrared analysis ozone [10028-15-6] and nitrogen dioxide [10102-44-0] by chemiluminescence (qv) and hydrocarbons by gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detection. Gas chromatography coupled with a suitable detector can also be used to measure ambient concentrations of vinyl chloride monomer [75-01-4], halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatics, and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9] (21-22) (see Chromatography Trace and residue analysis). 

Barkley J, Bunch J, Bursey JT, et al. 1980. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in man and his environment. A multimedia environmental study. Biomed Mass Spectrom 7 139-147. 

Makide Y, Tominaga T, Rowland FS. 1979. [Gas chromatographic analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in air over Japan.] Chemistry Lett (Chemical Society of Japan) 4 355-358. (Japanese)... 

P.M. Jeffers and N.L. Wolfe, Hydrolysis of methyl bromide, ethyl bromide, chloropicrin, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, and other halogenated hydrocarbons, in Fumigants Environmental Fate, Exposure, and Analysis, ed. J.N. Seiber, J.A. Knuteson, J.E. Woodrow, N.L. Wolfe, M.V. Yates, and S.R. Yates, ACS Symposium Series No. 652, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 32-41 (1997). 

Principles and Characteristics Combustion analysis is used primarily to determine C, H, N, O, S, P, and halogens in a variety of organic and inorganic materials (gas, liquid or solid) at trace to per cent level, e.g. for the determination of organic-bound halogens in epoxy moulding resins, halogenated hydrocarbons, brominated resins, phosphorous in flame-retardant materials, etc. Sample quantities are dependent upon the concentration level of the analyte. A precise assay can usually be obtained with a few mg of material. Combustions are performed under controlled conditions, usually in the presence of catalysts. Oxidative combustions are most common. The element of interest is converted into a reaction product, which is then determined by techniques such as GC, IC, ion-selective electrode, titrime-try, or colorimetric measurement. Various combustion techniques are commonly used. 

A third type of detector, required for some environmental and biomedical applications, is the electron capture detector (ECD). This detector is especially useful for large halogenated hydrocarbon molecules since it is the only one that has an acceptable sensitivity for such molecules. Thus, it finds special utility in the analysis of halogenated pesticide residues found in environmental and biomedical samples. 

Abstracts - International Symposium on the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons" sponsored by Canada Center for Inland Waters, and University of Toronto, May, 1978. 

MacKenzie Peers A. 1985. The determination of methyl bromide in air-method 8. In Fishbein L, O Neill IK, ed. Environmental carcinogens selected methods of analysis. Vol. 7. Some volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. Lyon France International Agency for Research on Cancer, 227-233. 

Clark Al, McIntyre AE, Lester JN, et al. 1982. Evaluation of a Tenax GC sampling procedure for collection and analysis of vehicle-related aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons in ambient air. J Chromatogr 252 147-157. 

Kowalski JD, Shikiya JM, Tsou G. 1985b. Ambient sampling and analysis to halogenated hydrocarbons and benzene. Proc APCAAnnu Meet 2 85-17.1,... 

Zlatkis A, Ghaoui L, Wang FS, et al. 1984. Direct gas-chromatographic analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons at the part-per-trillion level. J High Resolut Chromatogr Commun 7 370-374. 

Mes J. 1981. Experiences in human milk analysis for halogenated hydrocarbon residues. Inter J Environ Anal Chem 9 283-299. 

Huber M, Estermann G, Bonn G. 1988. Analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons on the ppq scale. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 331 486-489. 

Piet, G. J., Luijten, W.C.M.M. van Noort, P.C.M. (1985a) Dynamic head-space determination of volatile organic halogen compounds in water. In Fishbein, L. O Neill, I. K., eds. Environmental Carcinogens. Selected Methods of Analysis, Vol. 7, Some Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons (lARC Scientific Publications No. 68), Lyon, lARC, pp. 331-343... 

Figure 9. Distribution of halogenated hydrocarbons and mutagenic activity in HPLC fractions of a drinking water concentrate (neutral fraction). HPLC fractions obtained by linear-gradient HPLC analysis (H2O-C2H3N) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella mutagenicity test (TA98) and assayed for halogenated hydrocarbon content as described in Materials...

NIOSH Methods for Air Analysis for Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 2.9.4... 

See Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Chapter 2.9 for GC columns and conditions and for a detailed analysis. 

The definition of low-level contamination depends on the contaminant nature and the analytical method to be used. The concentrations of aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons that are below 200 pg/kg are considered to be low because they fall within the calibration range of the laboratory instruments used for their analysis. A gasoline concentration in soil of 5000 pg/kg, high as it may seem, would also be within the instrument calibration range of most analytical laboratories. 

Soil samples with aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations above 200 pg/kg or with gasoline concentrations above 5000 pg/kg are defined as samples with high VOC concentration levels. Because these concentrations exceed the calibration ranges of most analytical instruments, sample extracts must be diluted for proper quantitative analysis. EPA Method 5035 describes two sampling techniques for soil with high VOC concentrations ... 

Afghan BK, Carron J, Goulden PD, et al. 1987. Recent advances in ultratrace analysis of dioxins and related halogenated hydrocarbons. Can J Chem 65 1086-1097. 

If several days have elapsed before the body is discovered, there is a tendency to tiiink that analysis for volatile poisons would be futile. In fact it should be one of the first groups to be checked. The presence of alcohols, toluene, and halogenated hydrocarbons... 

---