Hydrocarbon derivatives ketones

The ketones are a group of compounds with the general formula R-C-R. The -C-functional group is known as the carbonyl group or carbonyl radical it appears in many different classes of hydrocarbon derivatives. There are only a few important ketones, and they are all extremely hazardous. 

Considerable interest arose during the 1970 s and 1980 s in the use of micro-organisms to produce useful fatty adds and related compounds from hydrocarbons derived from the petroleum industry. During this period, a large number of patents were granted in Europe, USA and Japan protecting processes leading to the production of alkanols, alkyl oxides, ketones, alkanoic adds, alkane dioic acids and surfactants from hydrocarbons. Many of these processes involved the use of bacteria and yeasts associated with hydrocarbon catabolism. 

Ketone A hydrocarbon derivative with the general formula R-C-R . 

There are non-systematic number roots for hydrocarbon derivatives containing acyl groups or derived from acyl groups. These are the ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, and amides ... 

They noted that in dimethoxyethane or in iso-octane (path a), the major product was dicarbonylcyclopentadienylcobalt (2) which must arise as a result of a retro Diels-Alder reaction of the norbornadiene (which would lead to the formation of acetylene and cyclopentadiene). When the solvent was changed to an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene or toluene (path b), the major cobalt-containing product was shown to be a complex derived from Co4(CO)i2, with three CO ligands on an apical cobalt being replaced by a molecule of the aromatic solvent (3). The group noted that they were also obtaining hydrocarbon and ketonic products derived from norbornadiene, acetylene and carbon monoxide .1,2... 

Most of the 300+ organic vapors that may be found in indoor pollution are derived from paints, paint strippers and other solvents, wood preservatives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents, air fresheners, in addition to fuels and automotive products, and dry-cleaners. Many of these compounds are halogenated hydrocarbons, PAH, ketones and aldehydes, which exhibit different degrees of toxicity. 

The reports in the organic sections of this review are now considered. Irradiation of valerophenone is well known to yield both acetophenone and cyclobutanols by a Norrish Type II process but Zepp et al. report that the latter product (cis trans ratio 2.4 1) is more efficient in aqueous systems than hydrocarbons. Such ketones as 1 readily undergo the Type II process in the solid phase and from a detailed study involving the use of chiral auxiliaries as counter ions of its carboxylate derivative, Leibovitch et al. conclude that the ionic chiral auxiliary approach is a viable general method for asymmetric synthesis. Crystals of the ketone 2 are apparently photostable at room temperature but when finely ground or at elevated temperatures intramolecular hydrogen abstraction and formation of the benzocyclobutene 3 occurs (Ito et al), and the same workers also note that irradiation of S-4 at 4 °C in the solid state and at 34% conversion gives the SS product 5 with a diastereoselectivity of 99%. 

The reaction is sensitive to steric hinderance. Aromatic ketones are reduced to hydrocarbons. Unsaturated ketones are fully reduced and with no selectivity. Complexes of the type Ir(Chel)(CH2=CH2)2Cl, with Chel = 2,2 -bipyridine or phenantholine derivatives, behave as catalyst precursors for hydrogen transfer from isopropanol to ketones and Schiff bases. Potassium hydroxide is required as cocatalyst to convert the isopropanol coordinated to the Ir(I) ion, in the neutral isopropoxy derivative. Enolates that are present would act as inhibitors when coordinated to the cationic derivative. Ethylene complexes are better precursors than the corresponding cyclooctadiene derivatives, because they are activated more easily and more completely, and they show high catalytic activity. The most active complexes is the 3,4,7,8-Me4 phen derivative, which, at 83°C, gives turnovers of up to 2850 cycles/min. Reduction of 4-r-butylcyclohexanone affords 97% of the tra/u-alcohol. 

The most highly developed commercial technology for converting coal-derived syngas into a light syncrude is a hybrid gasification-liquefaction process known as Fischer-Tropsch technology. The Fischer-Tropsch process catalyti-cally converts synthesis gas into a variety of hydrocarbons, alcohol, ketone... 

Ketone a hydrocarbon derivative containing the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. 

Ihe "induced hexagonal structure is stable caily in the presence of the included oomapound. Removal of the included partner by extraction or volatilization causes a rapid breaMown of the urea lattice. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, amines, nitriles, mono- and dicarboj lic acids, and their halogen derivatives can be included in the urea complex. 

There are four subfamilies of hydrocarbons, known as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. (These families will be discussed in detail in Chapters 4 and 5.) The alkane and aromatic families of hydrocarbons occur naturally the alkenes and alkynes are manmade. Both types of hydrocarbons are used to make other families of chemicals, known as hydrocarbon derivatives. Radicals of the hydrocarbon families are made by removing at least one hydrogen from the hydrocarbon and replacing it with a nonmetal other than carbon or hydrogen. Ten of these hydrocarbon derivatives will be discussed in detail in the appropriate chapters associated with then-major hazards alkyl halides, nitros, amines, ethers, peroxides, alcohols, ketones,... 

There are seven hydrocarbon-derivative families whose primary hazard is flammability (see Chapter 2, Figure 2.63) alkyl halide, amine, ether, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and ester. The alkyl halides, amines, and ethers are nonpolar. The ethers, alcohols, and aldehydes are polar and have wide flammable ranges. Some organic acids are flammable inorganic acids do not bum. However, flammability is not the primary hazard of most organic acids. They will be discussed in detail in Chapter 10. 

Acetone, also known as dimethyl ketone, is a ketone hydrocarbon derivative. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweetish odor. Acetone is a carbonyl, is polar. 

C-H bonds. This strategy has been used in an intramolecular fashion for the oxidation of hydrocarbons (eq 49) and steroids. Fructose-derived ketone 5 has also been used for this purpose in an intermolecular reaction for the desymmetrization and kinetic resolution of 1,2-diols to a-hydroxy ketones (eq 50). There has also been a report of the direct oxidation of hydrocarbons to ketones and lactones by Mn-porph)rin complexes with Oxone. ... 

Low molecular weight products from the alkaline degradation of cellulose have been identified by g.e.-m.s. of their trifluoroacetate derivatives. Both the residual aqueous phase and the floating oily product were examined and found to contain essentially the same products. These included unsaturated, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and furans. The synthesis of molecules with more than six carbon atoms also occurred. 

Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives containing one or more OH groups. Ethers are formed by a condensation reaction of two molecules of alcohol. Several functional groups contain the carbonyl (C=0) group, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. Aldehydes and ketones can be produced by the oxidation of certain alcohols. Further oxidation of the aldehydes produces carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids can form esters by a condensation reaction with alcohols, or they can form amides by a condensation reaction with amines. Esters imdergo hydrolysis (saponification) in the presence of strong bases. 

Essential oils are comprised of complex mixtures of ter-penes, phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, and a number of esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and hydrocarbons derived from fatty acid metabolism. The constituent compounds usually are of low to medium molecular weight and not highly oxygenated (Fig. 19.15). Many of these volatile compounds are involved in interactions with animals and are major components of the taste and odor of plants. 

In 1971 at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Professor Peter Pauson reported on the retro-Diels-Alder reaction of norbomadiene 3 induced by dicobalthexacarbonyl complexes of acetylene or phenylaeetylene 1 to provide dicarbonylcyclopentadienylcobalt complexes 4 in high yield. Almost as an after thought, he mentions In addition to the above products, the reaction of norbomadiene with complexes 1 yields hydrocarbon and ketonic products derived from norbomadiene, acetylene and carbon monoxide. ... 

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