Hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ketones

Acids Esters polyhydroxy compounds oximes. and some aryl-alkyl hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons. ketones. Nitriles. 

Almost insoluble in cold water. Higher alcohols (including benzyl alcohol), higher phenols (e.g., naphthols), metaformaldehyde, paraldehyde, aromatic aldehydes, higher ketones (including acetophenone), aromatic acids, most esters, ethers, oxamide and domatic amides, sulphonamides, aromatic imides, aromatic nitriles, aromatic acid anhydrides, aromatic acid chlorides, sulphonyl chlorides, starch, aromatic amines, anilides, tyrosine, cystine, nitrocompounds, uric acid, halogeno-hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons. 

Even saturated hydrocarbons give ketones with acyl chlorides (20). For example, cyclohexane and acetyl chloride react in the presence of aluminum chloride to give l-acetyl-2-methylcyclopentane. 

Trimethylpentanediol is soluble in most alcohols, other glycols, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ketones, but it has only negligible solubiUty in water and ahphatic hydrocarbons (4). 

Ketones oxidize about as readily as the parent hydrocarbons or even a bit faster (32). Although the reactivities of hydrogens on carbons adjacent to carbonyl groups are perhaps doubled, the effect is small because one methylene group is missing in comparison to the parent hydrocarbon. Ketones oxidize less readily than similar primary or secondary alcohols (35). 

Eigure 2 shows that even materials which are rather resistant to oxidation ( 2/ 1 0.1) are consumed to a noticeable degree at high conversions. Also the use of plug-flow or batch reactors can offer a measurable improvement in efficiencies in comparison with back-mixed reactors. Intermediates that cooxidize about as readily as the feed hydrocarbon (eg, ketones with similar stmcture) can be produced in perhaps reasonable efficiencies but, except at very low conversions, are subject to considerable loss through oxidation. They may be suitable coproducts if they are also precursors to more oxidation-resistant desirable materials. Intermediates which oxidize relatively rapidly (/ 2 / i — 3-50 eg, alcohols and aldehydes) are difficult to produce in appreciable amounts, even in batch or plug-flow reactors. Indeed, for = 50, to isolate 90% or more of the intermediate made, the conversion must... 

Decomposition late studies on dialkyl peioxydicaibonates ia vaiious solvents leveal diamatic solvent effects that ptimatily lesult fiom the susceptibiUty of peioxydicaibonates to iaduced decompositions. These studies show a decieasiag oidei of stabiUty of peioxydicaibonates ia solvents as follows TCE > saturated hydrocarbons > aromatic hydrocarbons > ketones (29). Decomposition rates are lowest in TCE where radicals are scavenged before they can induce the decomposition of peroxydicarbonate molecules. 

In general, the polymethacrylate esters of the lower alcohols are soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, and chlorohydrocarbons. They are insoluble, or only slightly soluble, in aUphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. The polymethacrylate esters of the higher alcohols (>C ) are soluble in ahphatic hydrocarbons. Cost, toxicity, flammabiUty, volatihty, and chain-transfer activity are the primary considerations in the selection of a suitable solvent. 

In the wood rosin process, rosin is isolated from aged pine stumps that have been left in fields cleared for farming or lumbering operations. The stumps are cut and shredded to pieces the size of matchsticks. The wood chips are then extracted with an appropriate solvent, eg, aUphatic or aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons or ketones. The extract is fractionally separated into nonvolatile cmde rosin, volatile extractibles, and recovered solvent. The dark rosin is usually refined further to lighter-colored products using selective solvents or absorption. 

B. D. Smith and R. Srivastava, Thermodynamic Data for Pure Compounds Part A.. Hydrocarbons and Ketones, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1986. T. Boubhk, V. Eried, and E. Hala, The Hapour Pressures of Pure Substances, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1984. 

DAG is treated with ethanol and hydrochloric acid in the presence of inert solvent, eg, chlorinated solvents, hydrocarbons, ketones, etc. The L-ascorbic acid precipitates from the mixture as it forms, minimising its decomposition (69). Cmde L-ascorbic acid is isolated through filtration and purified by recrystallization from water. The pure L-ascorbic acid is isolated, washed with ethanol, and dried. The mother Hquor from the recrystallization step is treated in the usual manner to recover the L-ascorbic acid and ethanol contained in it. The cmde L-ascorbic acid mother Hquor contains solvents and acetone Hberated in the DAG hydrolysis. The solvents are recovered by fractional distillation and recycled. Many solvent systems have been reported for the acid-catalyzed conversion of DAG to L-ascorbic acid (46). Rearrangement solvent systems are used which contain only the necessary amount of water required to give >80% yields of high purity cmde L-ascorbic acid (70). 

In the petroleum (qv) industry hydrogen bromide can serve as an alkylation catalyst. It is claimed as a catalyst in the controlled oxidation of aHphatic and ahcycHc hydrocarbons to ketones, acids, and peroxides (7,8). AppHcations of HBr with NH Br (9) or with H2S and HCl (10) as promoters for the dehydrogenation of butene to butadiene have been described, and either HBr or HCl can be used in the vapor-phase ortho methylation of phenol with methanol over alumina (11). Various patents dealing with catalytic activity of HCl also cover the use of HBr. An important reaction of HBr in organic syntheses is the replacement of aHphatic chlorine by bromine in the presence of an aluminum catalyst (12). Small quantities of hydrobromic acid are employed in analytical chemistry. 

Chlorinated paraffins are relatively inert and exhibit excellent resistance to chemical attack and are hydrolytically stable. They are soluble in chlorinated solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, and ethers but only moderately soluble in ahphatic hydrocarbons and virtually insoluble in water and lower alcohols. 

For esters, alkylbenzenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and ketones If the hydrocarbon chain has a methyl group in an isoposition, decrease AN by 0.24 and increase AB by 8.93 for each such grouping. For ethers and amines, decrease AN by 0.50 and increase AB by 8.93 for each isogroiip. 

Kiln operations rotary kiln Particulates (dust), CO, SO, NO, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones Electrostatic precipitators, acoustic horns and baghouses, scrubber... 

Polydiethylene glycol succinate 50-200° Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters. 

The foams, marketed by Rohm as Rohacell, are stable at room temperature to hydrocarbons, ketones, chlorinated solvents and 10% sulphuric acid. They may be used under load at temperature up to 160°C. Uses quoted for these materials include bus engine covers, aircraft landing gear doors, radar domes, domes, ski cores and tennis racket cores. Their potential is in applications demanding a level of heat deformation resistance, solvent resistance and stiffness not exhibited by more well-known cellular polymers such as expanded polystyrene and the polyurethane foams. 

Being either brittle or soft, these resins do not have the properties for moulding or extrusion compounds. These are, however, a number of properties which lead to these resins being used in large quantities. The resins are chemically inert and have good electrical insulation properties. They are compatible with a wide range of other plastics, rubbers, waxes, drying oils and bitumens and are soluble in hydrocarbons, ketones and esters. 

Solvents. NBRs are soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, esters and nitroparaffin compounds. Solvents with high evaporation rate are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform and ethyl acetate, among others. Solvents with slow evaporation rate are nitromethane, dichloropentenes, chloro-toluene, butyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone. 

Some solvents, including aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones and ethers, will soften the sheet by acting as additional plasticizers. 

Acrylics are chemically resistant at room temperature to dilute acids, except hydrofluoric and hydrocyanic, all alkalis and mineral oils. They are attacked by chlorinated solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, ethers and esters [60]. 

An excellent review by Roth and Eisner (63) summarized the chemical defense substances found in arthropods up to 1962. These authors listed 31 defense substances of known structure one anhydride, three carboxylic acids, nine aldehydes, one furan, three hydrocarbons, two ketones, one lactone, eight quinones, and three inorganic compounds. Many of these same compounds (unsaturated aldehydes and quinones) have been found in other arthropods since 1962 (38). The compounds are discharged when the animal is disturbed by predators, and there can be no doubt that the action of most of them... 

Naphthalic anhydride has been prepared by the hydrolysis of the dinitrile of ,2-naphthaIic acid,1 by the oxidation of suitably substituted hydrocarbons or ketones,2 or by the dehydrogenation of the 3,4-dihydro compound with bromine 3 or with sulfur.4... 

Solubility. No quant data is in the literature. In Ref 11, p 19 die order of decreasing soly is given as w, ketones, ales)) esters) organic acids, aliphatic nitro compds) ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons. Within each class the solubility decreases with increasing chain length... 

Pyrolyses of formates, oxalates and mellitates yield CO and C02 (H2, H20 etc.) as the predominant volatile products and metal or oxide as residue. It is sometimes possible to predict the initial compositions from thermodynamic considerations [94], though secondary reactions, perhaps catalyzed by the solids present, may result in a final product mixture that is very different. The complex mixtures of products (hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, acids and acid anhydrides) given [1109] by reactants containing larger organic groupings makes the collection of meaningful kinetic data more difficult, and this is one reason why there are relatively few rate studies available for the decompositions of these substances. 

Deposition Precursors. Diamond has been deposited from a large variety of precursors which include, besides methane, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and solid polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, and halogens. 

Sodium disulfide for the in situ preparation of organic disulfanes R2S2 may also be prepared from the elements in 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 70 °C in the presence of catalytic amounts of an aromatic hydrocarbon or ketone [22]. 

Styrene Free radical polymerization similar to the above. Also susceptible to rapid cationic polymerization induced by AlCb at —80°C and to anionic polymerization using alkali metals or their hydrides —CH2—CH— (ieHs T = 100 Amorphous, even when stretched. Hard. Soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, higher ketones, and esters... 

THF, ketones, esters, ethylene glycol Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, MeOH, ketones Ketones, esters... 

MeOH, ketones, esters Aliphatic hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons... 

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