Technology development and commercialization

Should a compound show promising anticancer activity in the routine screening operations, the NCI may propose the establishment of a more formal collaboration, such as a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) or a Clinical Trial Agreement (CTA) (see NCI Technology Development and Commercialization Branch Website http //tdcb.nci.nih.gov). 

One of the alternate technologies developed and commercialized is the conversion of crude oil, especially heavy crude, to a substitute natural gas (SNG). In this section some of the available oil gasification technologies will be discussed, including the process and cost analysis. The processes to be discussed in this section include pyrolysis, partial oxidation, refinery processes (e.g., hydrocracking, hydrogasification, etc.), and gasification, [n the subsequent discussion, processes developed by different companies for each of these techniques are presented. 

Chemical and biological sensors (the latter are also called biosensors) are more complex extensions of physical sensors. In many cases, the transducer technologies developed and commercialized for physical sensors are the basis for chemical sensors and biosensors. As used throughout this text, chemical sensors and biosensors are defined as measurement devices which utilize chemical... 

Task 4. R D Gap Analysis Determine the current gaps among fuel cell cost, performance and application requirements (look at 2005-2006 technology). Develop a timeline for technology development and commercialization, and extract R D needs and opportunities for DOE involvement. Project benefits to the nation from technology introduction (e g. oil displaced, emission reductions, noise reduction, and safety benefits)... 

The DOE has three major offices which are active in biomass technology development and commercialization. The Biomass Energy Systems Branch and Wood Commercialization Program within the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Solar Applications are the major funders of biomass projects in DOE. In addition, DOE provides funds to the Solar Energy Research Institute for biomass research and development activities. Presently, DOE funding is focused on the production, conversion, and/or utilization of biomass, rather than on programs which focus upon a particular type of biomass or industry segment. Industry executives felt that the impact of... 

The government s major direct and Indirect role In the creation and deployment of the nation s technical resources needs to be fully recognized as future Federal policies are developed. In particular. It Is difficult to overstate the Importance of developing economic and regulatory policies which will significantly restlmulate the private sector s Involvement and Investment In technology development and commercialization. 

Determination of the appropriate role of government is open to discussion, but there is agreement that the government must avoid over-regulating, must take a less hostile attitude toward U.S. industry and study the successful approaches of Japan, France, and Germany in new product and technology development and commercialization. 

In their follow-up study from 2010, Bozell and Petersen revised this list based on the level of technological development and commercialization [2], Nevertheless, in both studies only three types of bio-based difunctional building blocks were included that is, succinic acid, furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDA or FDCA) and 1,4 3,6-dianhydrosorbitol (isosorbide). 

Numerous technologies have been developed with varying degrees of success to maximize the various benefits of controlled release. Heightened attention to environmental concerns has prompted increased activities worldwide in the development and commercialization of controlled release fertilizers. 

Many of these have been demonstrated with a range of antibiotics and antibiotic precursors, although relatively few have been applied commercially. We have included a list of published examples in the form of an Appendix at the end of this chapter. We do not expect you to remember the details of this Appendix. It has been included as an potential for illustration of the potential to use enzymes to modify organic molecules like antibiotics. Usin9 It should be anticipated that, as enzyme technology develops and the search for new enzymes antibiotics continues, an increasing number of enzyme-based transformation will find commercial application. 

The number of such examples, however, is not high. In many other examples of advanced-performance materials, such as DuPont s Kevlar and Allied Signal s SPECTRA, the volume applications associated with system-for-system substitution has not yet occurred at a level necessary to pay back the development and commercialization costs already expended. High-performance ceramics is another area in which the early promise has yet to materialize. The consequences of Eckstut s life-cycle dynamics have been overcapacity and severe rationalization in high-performance carbon fiber businesses, some specialty alloy activities, and high-performance polymer composites. Thus, with critical technologies that involve advanced-performance materials, we need to better understand how to exploit their value in a commercially viable way. 

The SMR is by far the most important and widely used process for the industrial manufacture of hydrogen, amounting to about 40% of the total world production [7]. The technology is well developed and commercially available at a wide capacity range, from <1 t/h H2 for small decentralized units to about 100 t/h H2 for large ammonia manufacturing plants [8]. 

In another cost analysis, a commercial fine-chemical synthesis using microprocess technology, developed and undertaken by the AzurChem Company, was investigated (Krtschil et al. 2006). Using real-life data,... 

As recently recognized by the Nobel Chemistry award committee, the conceptualization, development, and commercial application of enantioselective, homogeneous hydrogenation of alkenes represents a landmark achievement in modem chemistry. Further elaboration of asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts by Noyori, Burk, and others has created a robust and technologically important set of catalytic asymmetric synthetic techniques. As frequently occurs in science, these new technologies have spawned new areas of fundamental research. Soon after the development of... 

---