Carbonyl group bonding

When a carbonyl group bonds to two carbon atoms, the compound is a ketone. An aldehyde has a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group. 

Ketone class of organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms... 

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinctive pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, which is a class of organic compounds with the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Formaldehyde was described by August Wilhelm von Hoffmann (1818—1892) in 1867 after the Russian Aleksandr Butlerov (1828—1886) had inadvertently synthesized it in 1857. Formaldehyde readily dissolves in water to produce a solution called formalin, which is commonly marketed as a 37% solution. 

Carboxylic acids, esters, and amides have their carbonyl groups bonded to an atom (O or N) that strongly attracts electrons. All three families undergo carbonyl-group substitution reactions, in which a group we can represent as -Y substitutes for the -OH, -OC, or -N group of the carbonyl reactant. 

Carboxylic acids are easily converted to a variety of acid derivatives. Each derivative contains the carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen or other electron-withdrawing element. Among these functional groups are acid chlorides, esters, and amides. All of these groups can be converted back to carboxylic acids by acidic or basic hydrolysis. 

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to an alkyl (or aryl) group and a hydrogen atom. (p. 816)... 

Aldehyde an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. (22.4)... 

Explain why a carbonyl absorption shifts to lower frequency in an a,p-unsaturated carbonyl compound—a compound having a carbonyl group bonded directly to a carbon-carbon double bond. For example, the carbonyl absorption occurs at 1720 cm" for cyclohexanone, and at 1685 cm" for 2-cyclohexenone. 

Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group bonded to only H atoms or R groups. The carbonyl carbon is sp hybridized and trigonal planar (21.1). 

A urethane (also called a carbamate) is a compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to both an OR group and an NHR (or NR2) group (Section 28.6). Urethanes are prepared by the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group of an isocyanate, RN=C=0. 

A carbonate is a compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two OR groups. Carbonates can be prepared by the reaction of phosgene (Cl2C=0) with two equivalents of an alcohol (ROH). 

Carbamate (Sections 28.6, 30.6) A functional group containing a carbonyl group bonded to both an oxygen and a nitrogen atom. A carbamate is also called a urethane. 

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that has a carboxyl group. A carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group. Thus, carboxyhc acids have the general formula... 

Ketones An organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to hydrocarbon groups. 

Which would show an absorption band at a larger wavenumber a carbonyl group bonded to an sp hybridized carbon or a carbonyl group bonded to an sp hybridized carbon ... 

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