Gasification and liquefaction

E. L. Huffman Proceedings of the Third Mnnual International Conference on Coal Gasification and Liquefaction, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1976. 

The different processes and their material requirements are reviewed in References 19 and 20, while annual conferences have been held under the auspices of the U.S. Bureau of Standards and other interested bodies since 1976. The processes involved embrace combustion, gasification and liquefaction, each of which presents characteristically different corrosive environments. 

NIOSH. 1980a. Control technology assessment for coal gasification and liquefaction processes, General Electric Co., Corporate Research and Development Center, Coal Gasification Section, Schenectady, New York. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering. NITS publication no. PB84-181890. 

Modell, M., Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water. In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Overend, R. P. Milne, T. A., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 1985, pp. 95-119. 

The types of reactions involving fluids and solids include combustion of solid fuel, coal gasification and liquefaction, calcination in a lime kiln, ore processing, iron production in a blast furnace, and regeneration of spent catalysts. Some examples are given in Sections 8.6.5 and 9.1.1. 

This paper touches on the chemistry of coal gasification and liquefaction comments on the current status of conversion processes and the influence of coal properties on coal performance in such processes and examines the contributions which coal conversion could make towards attainment of Canadian energy self-sufficiency. Particular attention is directed to a possible role for the medium-btu gas in long-term supply of fuel gas to residential and industrial consumers to linkages between partial conversion and thermal generation of electric energy and to coproduction of certain petrochemicals, fuel gas and liquid hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. 

Energy demand, the implementation of sulfur oxide pollution controls, and the future commercialization of coal gasification and liquefaction have increased the potential for the development of considerable supplies of sulfur and sulfuric acid as a result of abatement, desulfurization and conversion processes. Lesser potential sources include shale oil, domestic tar sands and heavy oil, and unconventional sources of natural gas. Current supply sources of saleable sulfur values include refineries, sour natural gas processing and smelting operations. To this, Frasch sulfur production must be added. 

When coal, oil shale, or tar sands are pyrolyzed, hydrogen-rich volatile matter is distilled and a carbon-rich solid residue is left behind. The carbon and mineral matter remaining behind is the residual char. Pyrolysis is one method to produce liquid fuels from coal, and it is the principal method used to convert oil shale and tar sands to liquid fuels. Moreover, as gasification and liquefaction are carried out at elevated temperatures, pyrolysis may be considered the first stage in any conversion process. 

Schmid, B. K. Jackson, D. M. "The SRC-II Process" presented at the Third Annual Internation Conference on Coal Gasification and Liquefaction, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 3-5,1976. 

I would like now to address the commercialization of coal gasification and liquefaction processes, including the Department s planned activities in these programs. 

Thermocheniical processes for producing value-added chemicals fi-om biomass have followed similar paths as [Htioesses for generating alternative fiiel products, namely gasification and liquefaction methods. These methods are discuss below for both fuels and chemicals production to give an overview of the current technology. 

For the conversion of biomass resources into useful chemicals and bio-ener, three major process types, direct combustion, gasification and liquefaction, are effective. Among them, liquefaction for liquid transpiration fuels is, in particular, important because it is difficult to replace them with other energy forms. Thus, a study of the liquefaction of biomass is of interest. ... 

Herein, biomass power plants with advanced gasification and liquefaction technologies [18], [19] are designed and have been evaluated [20],... 

Marzec, A., Juzwa, M. and Sobkowiak, M. in Gasification and liquefaction of coal. Symposium on the gasification and liquefaction of coal, Katowice, Poland, April 1979. Coal/Sem. 6/R. 62 United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, (1979). 

European technology for pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction is described in the seventh section. Chapter 30 includes an interesting discussion of why the development of such processes for MSW has not been as rapid in Europe as in the United States or Japan. During the... 

Catalytica Associates, Inc. is conducting a study to produce a systematic assessment of the role of catalysis in thermochemical conversion via gasification and liquefaction. This study is also examining the potential impact of catalytic concepts under development in other areas, such as coal conversion, and new reactor technology on biomass conversion. 

Jones, J.L., Phillips, R.C., Takaoka, S., and Lewis, F.M., "Pyrolysis, Thermal Gasification, and Liquefaction of Solid Wastes and Residues - Worldwide Status of Processes," Presented at the ASME 8th Biennial National Waste Processing Conference, Chicago, May 1978. 

While the topic of this paper is Canada s PTGL (Pyrolysis Thermal Gasification and Liquefaction) research program it is useful to review the current status of conversion technologies for biomass. The goal is to describe the characteristics of each technology so that efficiencies, process steps and environmental factors are well quantified and under these circumstances for a known cost and nature of feedstock an economic or social decision can be taken as to whether or not to implement the technology. 

Overview of Pyrolysis, Thermal Gasification, and Liquefaction Processes in Japan... 

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