Aromatic family

Dinitrophenol is a member of the aromatic family of pesticides, many of which exhibit insecticide and fungicide activity. DNP is considered to be highly toxic to humans, with a lethal oral dose of 14 to 43mg/kg. Environmental exposure to DNP occurs primarily from pesticide runoff to water. DNP is used as a pesticide, wood preservative, and in the manufacture of dyes. DNP is an uncoupler, or has the ability to separate the flow of electrons and the pumping of ions for ATP synthesis. This means that the energy from electron transfer cannot be used for ATP synthesis [75,77]. The mechanism of action of DNP is believed to inhibit the formation of ATP by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. 

Numerous aromatic nitro compounds have explosive properties, and thus it is important to understand the role that enthalpy of formation has on the sensitivity and long-term stability of these compounds. We will examine three nitro-substituted aromatic families for which thermochemical data can be found in the literature2,84 derivatives of nitrobenzene, aniline and toluene. The choice of these three families allows us to compare the various electronic effects exerted by the parent functional group. The parent compounds differ electronically with respect to the aromatic ring in that ... 

You might think youVe finished your introductions to the aromatics family, having dealt with benzene, xylene, and the xylene triplets, ortho-, para-, and meta-xylene. There s another isomer in the closet, ethylbenzene. 

Aromatic compounds and their reactions are a big part of any Organic 11 course. We introduce you to the aromatic family, including the heterocyclic branch, in Chapter 6. (You may want to brush up on the concept of resonance beforehand.) Then in Chapters 7 and 8, you find out more than you ever wanted to know about aromatic substitution reactions, starring electrophiles and nucleophiles. 

Exploring benzene Coping with the aromatic family... 

Lumophores other than hydrocarbons have been incorporated into the aminoalkyl aromatic family of ionically switchable luminescent devices. For instance, metal-loporphyrin systems such as have been used to good advantage. These cases absorb and emit at wavelengths as long as 596 and 650 nm, respectively. Such red-shifted systems are particularly attractive for monitoring ion movements in... 

Lumophore-spacer-receptor systems are not by any means limited to the ami-noalkyl aromatic family even if we focus on the receptor unit. Still, the latter family is likely to remain a major provider of ionically switchable luminescent devices. Aminoalkyl aromatics also serve as the platform for the development of luminescent PET sensors for a whole class of nonionic saccharides. While aliphatic amines, either singly or in arrays, can serve as receptors for a variety of cationic... 

Given the success of PET switches and sensors of the off-on type (Section 5), there is no fundamental reason why on-off systems cannot grow to be similarly useful. However there is little doubt that off-on systems are more visually appealing. Besides this aesthetic factor, off-on systems and especially the aminoalkyl aromatic family tend to be synthetically more accessible since amine synthons are available in great variety. 

Figure 9. (a) Schematic representation of the five-module format of a photoactive triad which is switchable only by the simultaneous presence of a pair of ions. This design involves the multiple application of the ideas in Figure 1. The four distinct situations are shown. Note that the presence of each guest ion in its selective receptor only suppresses that particular electron transfer path. The mutually exclusive selectivity of each receptor is symbolized by the different hole sizes. All electron transfer activity ceases when both guest ions have been received by the appropriate receptors. The case is an AND logic gate at the molecular scale. While this uses only two ionic inputs, the principle established here should be extensible to accommodate three inputs or more, (b) An example illustrating the principles of part (a) from an extension of the aminomethyl aromatic family. The case shown applies to the situation (iv) in part (a) where both receptors are occupied. It is only then that luminescence is switched "on". Protons and sodium ions are the relevant ionic inputs.

The aromatic families have benefited from Hoffmann s concepts of isolobal analogy that links organic fragments to inorganic ones [59]. 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Alkyl aromatic family of hydrocarbons Chemical Formula C9H12 Chemical Structure ... 

THE AROMATIC FAMILY The aromatic family of amino acids includes phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Of these, only tyrosine is considered to be nonessential in mammals. Either phenylalanine or tyrosine is required for the synthesis of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, an important class of biologically potent molecules referred to as the catecholamines (Special Interest Box 14.2). Tryptophan is a precursor in the synthesis of NAD+, NADP+, and the neurotransmitter serotonin. 

Fig. 10. GCMS total ion current (TIC) for aromatic hydrocarbon fractions are dominated by two and three ring aromatic compounds (a) Shublik A source rock extract (Prudhoe Bay Field) and (b) Kuparuk River Field oil-stained core, 3B-14 well, after long-term storage. Aromatic family labels are Nl, methylnaphthalenes N2, dimethylnaphthalenes D, dibenzothiophene Dl, methyldibenzothiophenes P, phenanthrene PI, methylphenanthrenes P2, dimethylphenanthrenes.

The alkane, alkene, alkyne, and aromatic families are members of a larger grouping referred to as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics are unsaturated hydrocarbons since they contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. The alkanes are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons since they do not contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds, only carbon-carbon single bonds. 

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