Hybridization fuel cell

Advanced power generation cycles that combine high-temper-ature fuel cells and gas turbines, reciprocating engines, or another fuel cell are the hybrid power plants of the future. As noted, these conceptual systems have the potential to achieve efficiencies greater than 70% and projected to be commercially ready by the year 2010 or sooner. The hybrid fuel cell/turbine (FC/T) power plant will combine a high-temperature, conventional molten carbonate fuel cell or a solid oxide... 

There can be many different cycle configurations for the hybrid fuel cell/turbine plant. In the topping mode described above, the fuel cell serves as the combustor for the gas turbine, while the gas turbine is the balance of plant for the fuel cell, with some generation. In the bottoming mode, the fuel cell uses the gas turbine exhaust as air supply, while the gas turbine is the balance of plant. In indirect systems, high-temperature heat exchangers are used. 

Fuel cells typically have higher efficiencies at lower power, so a hybrid fuel cell vehicle with battery will not improve its efficiency as it does for a gasoline engine. 

Hybrid fuel-cell vehicles fuelled with CGH2 from natural gas can achieve lower GHG emissions than hybrid CNG vehicles. 

The use of fuel-cell vehicles does not always result in GHG emission reductions. For example, in the case of hybrid fuel-cell vehicles fuelled with CGH2 from the EU s current electricity mix and from hard coal lead to higher GHG emissions than hybrid ICE vehicles fuelled with crude oil based gasoline and diesel. 

For road transport, fuel cells are the most efficient conversion devices for using hydrogen. For the average drive cycle, which is dominated by a power demand that is only a fraction of the maximum available power, hybrid fuel cell systems offer a clear advantage over internal combustion engines, hybridized or not, when energy use, CO2 emissions and non-greenhouse pollutants are considered. 

One of the applications for hydrogen is for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. As mentioned earlier, one application is a hydrogen fuelled hybrid fuel cell / ultra-capacitor transit bus program where significant energy efficiencies can be demonstrated. Another commercial application is for fuel cell powered forklifts and other such fleet applications that requires mobile electrical power with the additional environmental benefits this system provides. Other commercial applications being developed by Canadian industry is for remote back-up power such as the telecommunications industry and for portable fuel cell systems. 

The Siemens Westinghouse TSOFC commercialization plan is focused on an initial offering of a hybrid fuel cell/gas turbine plant. The fuel cell module replaces the combustion chamber of the gas turbine engine. Figure 1-8 shows the benefit behind this combined plant approach. Additional details are provided in Section 8. As a result of the hybrid approach, the 1 MW early commercial unit is expected to attain -60% efficiency LHV when operating on natural gas. 

There can be many different cycle configurations for the hybrid fuel cell/ turbine plant. In the topping mode described above, the fuel cell serves as the combustor for the gas turbine while the... 

A number of the major automakers have stated their intention to begin selling - or expanding sales of - fuel cell passenger vehicles. Toyota plans to offer about 20 hybrid fuel cell SUVs based on its Highlander platform. Nissan has announced plans to start selling a fuel cell vehicle, and Ford Motor Company said it would offer a fuel cell version of the Focus in low-volume production for small fleet operations. Other FCVs include the CM Opel HydroCen 3, the Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV, and the Nissan Xterra FCV, the DaimlerChrysler Necar 5, and Daihatsu s Move FCV-K-2. 

Ranky, P. G. (2003-2005), An introduction to alternative energy sources Hybrid fuel cell vehicles an interactive multimedia eBook publication with 3D objects, text, and videos in a browser-readable format on CD-ROM/intranet, available http //www. cimwareukandusa.com, CIMware USA, Inc., and CIMware Ltd. United Kingdom, Multimedia design and programming by P. G. Ranky and M. F. Ranky, (2003-2005), Customer needs, wants requirements analysis Automotive exterior rearview mirror, an interactive multimedia eBook publication with 3D objects, text, and videos in a browser-readable format on CD-ROM/intranet, available http //www.cimwareukandusa.com, CIMware USA, Inc., and CIMware Ltd., United Kingdom. 

Gemmen, R.S., Liese, E., Rivera, J., Jabbari, F. and Brouwer, J. (2000a) Development of dynamic modeling tools for solid oxide and molten carbonate hybrid fuel cell gas turbine systems, International Gas Turbine Institute Meeting of the ASME, May 8-12, 2000. 

Ghezel-Ayagh, H., Lukas, M. and Junker, S. (2004) Dynamic modeling and simulation of a hybrid fuel cell/gas turbine power plant for control system development, in Proceedings of the Second... 

Shelton M., Celik I., Liese E., Tucker D., Lawson L. (2005) A transient model of a hybrid fuel cell, gas turbine test facility using simulink. In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, Reno-Tahoe, NV, 2005-GT-68467. 

Electric, Hybrid Fuel-Cell Vehicle Components... 

H2. Two teams (in Turin and Madrid) are converting two light planes so that they can use hybrid fuel cell-battery electric engines. 

High-temperature fuel cells, on the other hand, can offer substantial co2 savings. With electric efficiencies of 50 percent and high-quality heat, molten carbonate fuel cells and sofcs hold the prospect of cutting co2 emissions in factories and buildings by one-third or more. Should hybrid fuel cell and gas turbine systems become economical, they could potentially reduce by half or more the co2 emissions of the systems they replace. 

Raiser S. General Motors Corporation. Hybrid fuel cell system with battery capacitor energy storage system. WO patent/2006/065364. 

A modern synthesis gas plant can be coupled to a gas/steam combined cycle. The gases could in a future installation be consumed at enhanced efficiency by a hybrid fuel cell/combined cycle plant, notably if the fuel cells were equipped with concentration cell circulators. See Section 5.2.13. 

Agnew G D, 2001, The Rolls Royce development programme for pressurised hybrid fuel cell systems. In Seventh Grove Fuel Cell Symposium, London, Article in Delegates Manual. 

Finally, Fig. 4.8 shows the simulation results for a hybrid fuel cell-electric vehicle with 20 kW of fuel cells and a 5-kWh, 113 kg Li ion battery. The two power sources are operating in series, and particularly during the high-... 

Figure 4.9. Hybrid fuel cell bus, showing placement of power equipment (68 kW PEM cell, 2x75 kW motor and NiMH batteries) (MAN, 2004 used by permission.)...

Figure 4.10. Average energy flows during a bus driving cycle for a SCANIA hybrid fuel cell bus (based on lower heating value of hydrogen). (From A. Folkesson, C. Andersson, P. Alvfors, M. Alakula, L. Overgaard (2003). Real life testing of a hybrid PEM fuel cell bus. J. Power Sources 118,349-357. Used by permission from Elsevier.)...

Key, T., Sitzlar, H., Geist, T. (2003). Fast response, load-matching hybrid fuel cell. Report NREL/SR-560-32743, Nat. Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO. 

Molten carbonate fuel cells could reduce C02 emissions in industrial and commercial facilities by a third. Hybrid fuel cell and gas turbine systems could reduce these emissions by one half or more. 

Mazda made the move to fuel cell power in December 1997 when it unveiled a hybrid fuel cell station wagon, the Demio FCEV, on the sidelines of the Kyoto Global Climate conclave. That vehicle had a relatively low-powered 20-kilowatt PEM fuel cell that, in a novel twist, was augmented by a 20-kW ultracapacitor instead of the usual batteries. 

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