Hybrid plant

The volume flow in a typical miniplant is of the order of 101 h 1. The limiting factor is the gravity-driven flow in the separation units, for example, a rectification column. As separation units usually accompany a chemical process, this flow limit dominates the overall capacity of a miniplant. It is surprising that the flow rate is not limited here by the pressure loss. 

In a microstructured reactor plant, in contrast, the flow rate will be dominated by the pressure loss. Typical pressure losses in micro devices are of the order of 1 bar at a flow of 11 h 1 (water) [50,93], If sufficient pump capacity is available, the pressure loss in a micro structured device is limited by the mechanical stability of the reactor housing, which is often made of steel and hence a loss of several bar is certainly acceptable. Even the combination of up to 10 different micro devices only amounts to about 10 bar in this example. The main advantage of a micro structured reactor plant is that the flow rate can be adjusted more freely because the flow is pressure driven and not influenced by a single gravity-driven device as in a miniplant. 

Reactor 19 [R 19] Micro Structured Reactor - Miniplant Hybrid Combination 

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Hybrid plants are naphtha and fuel oil-based plants modified to use natural gas. 

The first solar-electric technology to arouse industry interest was solar-thermal energy (1,3,5,6,8). Under favorable circumstances, it can be cost-effective, as evidenced by the fact that solar-thermal gas-hybrid plants produce over 350 MW of commercial power in southern California. This power is used during peak demand to supplement that available from conventional generation. 

Martin, B.J. Thorstenson, Y.R. (1988). Stable carbon isotope composition (6 C), water use efficiency and biomass productivity of Lycopersicon esculen-tum, Lycopersicon pennellii and the Fi hybrid. Plant Physiology 88, 218-23. 

Hybrid plants are projected to cost 25% below comparably sized fuel cells and be capable of producing electricity at costs... 

The hybrid plants are projected to cost 25 % below comparably sized fuel cells, (69) and be capable of producing electricity at costs of 10 to 20 % below today s conventional plants (66). Operation of the plant is almost totally automatic. Therefore, it can be monitored and managed remotely with the possibility of controlling hundreds of the power plants from a single location (67). 

Siemens-Westinghouse Power Corporation of Pittsburgh, PA developed and fabricated the first advanced power plant to combine a solid oxide fuel cell and a gas turbine. The microturbine generator was manufactured by Northern Research and Engineering Corporation of Woburn, Mass. The factory acceptance test was completed in April 2000. Southern California Edison will operate the new hybrid plant at The National Fuel Cell Research Center at the University of California-Irvine. A year of testing in a commercial setting will be performed at this site. The system cycle is expected to generate electric power at 55 % efficiency. 

NT078 Makonkawkeyoon, S., P. Smitamana, C. Hirunpetcharat, and N. Manee-karn. Production of mouse immunoglobulin G by a hybrid plant derived from tobacco-mouse cell fusions. Ex-perientia 1995 51(1) 19-25. 

In plant breeding, obtaining interspecific hybrid is important for introducing desirable genes from wild species to cultivated species. However, it is very difficult to obtain a viable hybrid plant between widely related species. These problems would predominantly come from sexual reproduction such as cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, etc [118,119]. 

Martens, S. and Forkmann, G., Cloning and expression of flavone synthase 11 from Gerbera hybrids. Plant J., 20, 611, 1999. 

Kohl, T., Speck, R. Steinfeld, A. 2002. Using geothermal hybrid plants for electricity production from enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 26, 315-318. 

Finally, the IP-SOFC stack is an essential part of a hybrid plant, which combines this technology together with a gas turbine in order to provide a high efficiency power generation system. 

If polyploid hybrids (plants that have three or more sets of chromosomes) are considered, it is obvious that the discussion above is much more complicated, especially, as the trait of interest may be present in only one of the several chromosomes. 

There are central embracing characteristics for the engineering approach deployed during the development of the following basic plant concepts. Examples are presented of plants with a uniform appearance, standardized pitch dimensions, interfaces, etc., either as closed systems or as open systems with interfaces to other suppliers. This strategy is completely different from the hybrid plant concepts. 

A 14] Micro fluidic pumps with dimensions small enough to be connected inline with the process flow of a micro structured reactor plant are commercially available [78]. The tooth-ring gear pumps of the mzr-series, for example, convey up to 171 h-1 at pressures up to 80 bar. They can be used either as dosing pumps or as booster pumps inline in a hybrid plant or in a micro structured reactor plant with open architecture. The use of the stepwise pressure increase reduces the average plant pressure as indicated schematically in Figure 4.81. 

Open pollination pollen is delivered to another plant from a genetically related population. The seeds of open-pollinated plants will grow into plants that are similar to the parents. This is in contrast with hybrid plants. Seed from hybrids segregate for various traits and are not identical to the hybrid parent. 

Hybridization The production of offspring (hybrids) from genetically unlike parents, by natural processes or by human intervention (i.e., artificial selection). In plant breeding, includes the process of cross-breeding two different varieties to produce hybrid plants. If the hybrid is more fit than either parent the condition is called hybrid vigor (or heterosis). Hybrid offspring may result from gene flow between domesticated crops and wild relatives. 

Solar-nuclear hybrid variants of the HyS cycle process have also been investigated to explore potential synergies. Two hybrid plant designs were analysed ... 

The average oil content of commercial com hybrids planted in the com belt has declined over the last 50 years from 4.8-5.0% to 4.4%.52 The apparent cause of this decline has been widespread use of one or two high yielding, low oil content corn inbreds. At the same time, the iodine value of com oil has increased from 122-124 to 128-130, equivalent to a linoleic acid content increase from 55% to 60%. This change is apparently associated with the decline in oil content.53... 

Rhazinilam was found to be an oxidative artefact derived from the unstable natural 5,21-dihydrorhazinilam 25 [58,59,60]. Other compounds of the (-)-rhazinilam series have been isolated from various Apocynaceae. (-)-3-Oxorhazinilam 26, also called rhazinicine, was founded in Kopsia dasyrachis Ridl. [63] and in hybrid plant cell cultures [64]. 

Lavandin essential oil is often sold as lavender essential oil but is much cheaper. It is made from a hybrid plant bred from true lavender and spike lavender. The true lavender grows at high altitudes (between 600 and 2000 metres above... 

Lavandin is produced by a hybrid plant Lavandula intermedia or Lavandula hybrida, which was bred by crossing the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) with spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia). Lavandin is sometimes called bastard lavender. Hybrids are widespread in horticulture, where they are bred to produce plants with the desired properties of the parents. The lavandin plants are easier to grow at lower altitudes (400-600 metres), yielding almost twice as much oil as the true lavender plant. Again, this is economically favourable and lavandin essential oil is particularly useful for the cosmetic and fragrance industries. 

Citrus pafadisi is a recent hybrid plant from Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). Native to Asia and the West Indies there are many different cultivars, which have been developed horticulturally to allow efficient growth in many other countries, like Australia, USA (California and Florida) and Israel. The cultivar is identified by the name added after the botanical name e.g. Citrus paradisi Macfad. 

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