Non-cycling processes

In any method of application, either an excess of paint is applied and the surplus is removed, or the desired thickness of paint is put on directly. For simplicity, methods can be divided into cycling and non-cycling processes, i.e. procedures which return surplus paint to the plant and those which do not. 

The first series of ejqieriments was conducted with no fhotocatalyst in the reactor. During these experiments, a temperature dependance of the reaction was observed photoconversion of methane decreased sharply with decreased tenperature and was not observed below 70°C. This observation irr jlies that a non-photochemical process is part of the reaction sequence. Sevaal experiments were perform where the ten rerature of the reactor was allowed to cycle between 60°C and 95 C. In all ergreriments, as Ae tengrerature... 

Each product system consists of a variable number of processes involved in the product life cycle. However, the product under consideration is often related to other processes that may no longer be important for the LCA study. The system boundary serves to the separation of essential and non-essential processes of the product life cycle. Since the choice of system boundaries significantly affects LCA study outcomes and in addition, its intensity and complexity, system boundaries should always be well considered and clearly defined. The choice of system boundaries is carried out with regard to the studied processes, studied environmental impacts and selected complexity of the study. Not-including any life cycle stages, processes or data must be logically reasoned and clearly explained [32]. 

Figure 9.26 (a) Near-equUibiium and non-equilibrium reactions in the electron transfer chain. The electron transfer chain is considered to be the Latter part of the physiological Krebs cycle (see above). The non-equilibrium processes are the Krebs cycle and the terminal reaction cytochrome oxidase. All other reactions are near-equilibrium, including the ATP-generating reactions. These are not shown in the figure, (b) The similarity of electron transfer chain and glycolysis in the position of near-equilibrium/non-equilibrium reactions, in the two pathways. In both cases, non-equilibrium reactions are at the beginning and at the end of the processes (see Chapters 2 and 3 for description of these terms and the means by which such reactions can be identified). 

A comparison for the different cases of the production costs and dependence on the annual capacity is given in Fig. 8.1-4. The results are based on the cascade-operation mode, with three extractors, extraction at 280 bar and 65°C, cycle-times of 7.5 hours, and a separation pressure of 60 bar for the non-isobaric process. 

An analysis of the recent observation data [30,31] shows that baroclinic Rossby waves that are generated off the eastern coasts in the northern parts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in a period of about a year represent their dominant non-stationary dynamical response to the annual cycle of the atmospheric forcing in the latitudinal range from 10-15° to 45-50°N. In so doing, their mean phase velocities (0.02-0.03 ms 1 at 40-45°N) are higher than the theoretical values (about 0.01 ms-1). A similar situation is observed in the Black Sea as well [27]. In [32], several reasons of this phenomenon were listed such as the interaction with more large-scale non-stationary processes, topographic and nonlinear effects, and insufficient duration and spatiotemporal resolution of the observation data. 

Fig. 4.15. The biological carbon cycle. Thick arrows — biological processes, thin arrows — non-biological processes (modified from ref. [68])... 

One should be careful with this procedure, as in principle it renders a Monte Carlo simulation a non-Markov process. The effect is likely to be benign, but the safest way to proceed is to take the corrector updates of the pressure only during the equilibration phase of the simulation (i.e., those cycles normally granted to allow the system to equilibrate to the new state conditions). In our experience the corrector iteration usually converges very quickly, well before the end of the equilibration period. As a check one can... 

Carbon cycle Process by which carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide enters hving and non-hving things and is recycled through them. 

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