Composition stable carbon isotope

Isotopic Composition. Stable carbon isotope analysis recently has been shown to have application as an indicator of wood degradation (32). This method is based on the characteristically low abundance of (approximately 1% of all carbon) relative to in lignins versus polysaccharides (33). Preferential removal of polysaccharide carbon leaves a lignin-rich wood with a lowered overall ratio. Stable carbon isotope analyses are... 

Liden, K., Takahasi, C. and Nelson, D.E. 1995 The effects of lipids in stable carbon isotope analysis and the effects of NaOH treatment on the composition of extracted bone collagen. Journal ofArchaeological Science 22 321-326. 

Martin, B.J. Thorstenson, Y.R. (1988). Stable carbon isotope composition (6 C), water use efficiency and biomass productivity of Lycopersicon esculen-tum, Lycopersicon pennellii and the Fi hybrid. Plant Physiology 88, 218-23. 

Fischer G, Wiencke C (1992) Stable carbon isotope composition, depth distribution and fate of macroalgae from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Polar Biol 12 341-348 Foster MS (1992) How important is grazing to seaweed evolution and assemblage structure in the north-east Pacific In John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 61-85... 

Sofer, Z., 1984, Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Crude Oils Application to Source Depositional Environments and Petroleum Alternation American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 68, pp. 31 49. 

Chung HM, Sackett WM (1979) Use of stable carbon isotope compositions of pyrolyticaUy derived methane as maturity indices for carbonaceous materials. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43 1979-1988... 

Boschker, H. T. S., E. M. J. Dekkers, R. Pel, and Th. E. Cappenberg. 1995. Sources of organic carbon in the littoral of Lake Gooimeer as indicated by stable carbon isotope and carbohydrate compositions. Biogeochemistry 29 89—105. 

Fogel, M.L., Velinsky, D.J., Cifuentes, L.A., Pennock, J.R., and Sharp, J.H. (1988) Biogeochemical processes affecting the stable carbon isotopic composition of particulate carbon in the Delaware Estuary. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Annu. Rep. Director, 107-113. 

Onstad, G.D., Canfield, D.E., Quay, P.D., and Hedges, J.I. (2000) Sources of particulate organic matter in rivers from the continental USA lignin phenol and stable carbon isotope compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 3539-3546. 

Schouten, S., Klien, W.C.M., Breteler, K., Blokker, P., Schogt, N., Irene, W., Rupstra, I.C., Grice, K., Bass, M., and Damste J.S.S. (1998) Biosynthetic effects on the stable carbon isotopic compositions of algal lipids Implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1397-1406. 

The combined use of pyrolysis techniques followed by CSIA measurements (both offline hydrous pyrolysis and online pyrolysis-GC-IRMS) enables the isotopic compositions of fragments of the macromolecular material to be determined. This approach has been applied to the study of the stable carbon isotope distribution of insoluble organic matter in three carbonaceous... 

Hemming D. L., Switsur V. R., Waterhouse J. S., and Heaton T. H. E. (1998) Chmate variations and the stable carbon isotope composition of tree ring cellulose an intercomparison of quercus robur, fagus sylvatica and pinus silvestris. Tellus SOB, 25-33. 

Kaplan J. O., Prentice I. C., and Buchmann N. (2002) The stable carbon isotope composition of the terrestrial biosphere modelling at scales from the leaf to the globe. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16(4), 1060. 

Figure 1 The global organic carbon cycle. Numbers in parentheses are approximate reservoir sizes (10 g C = Gt) and italicized are approximate fluxes (10 gCyr ). Nonitalicized numbers are approximate ranges for stable carbon isotopic compositions (S C, per mil) and italicized numbers are approximate radiocarbon ages...

The age variations highlighted above are undoubtedly coupled to differences in the chemical composition and reactivity of SPOM. Onstad et al. (2000) examined elemental, stable carbon isotope and lignin phenol characteristics of SPOM from rivers draining the south central US. Variations in values, ranging from... 

Figure 3 Loss of terrestrial OC in deltaic systems, (a) Organic carbon to mineral surface area ratio (OC SA) plotted against bulk stable carbon isotopic compositions for riverine suspended sediments (closed symbols) and deltaic surface sediments (open symbols). A shift to lower OC SA values indicates net loss of organic matter, and a shift to heavier (i.e., C-enriched) isotopic compositions indicates increasing contributions from marine organic matter, (b) The average ( 1 SD) total amount of terrestrial OC persisting in deltaic sediments, based on the changes in OC SA and composition between river suspended sediments and deltaic sediments for four river systems...

Prahl et al. (1994) also concluded that terrestrial OC contributes significantly to Washington Margin sediments. These authors determined bulk elemental and stable carbon isotopic compositions and concentrations of a range of vascular plant biomarkers (epicuticular wax-derived n-alkanes, lignin-derived phenols and cutin-derived hydroxy-alkanoic acids) for sediments from the Columbia... 

By virtue of where, when, and how the various organic matter inputs were formed and transported to the underlying sediments, it is possible to exploit specific chemical and isotopic characteristics to make inferences about the sources and composition of sedimentary organic matter. Much of this information is inaccessible at the bulk level. For example, bulk elemental compositions and stable carbon isotopic compositions are often insufficiently unique to distinguish and quantify sedimentary inputs. Abundances and distributions of source-specific organic compounds ( biomarkers ) can help to identify specific inputs. However, this molecular marker approach suffers from the fact that the source diagnostic marker compounds are... 

The diversity in stable carbon isotopic compositions evident at the molecular level became apparent with the advent of gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRM-GC-MS e.g., Hayes et al., 1990). More recently, age variations among different biomarkers have been investigated (e.g., Eglinton et al., 1997 Pearson et al., 2001). Substantial variability has been observed where inputs from diverse sources are encountered, even within depth horizons representing short periods of sediment accumulation. For example, surficial sediments from the Bermuda Rise in the northern Sargasso Sea deposited over a time span of less than 300 yr... 

Wang X.-C. and Druffel E. R. M. (2001) Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope compositions of organic compound classes in sediments from the NE Pacific and Southern Oceans. Mar. Chem. 73, 65-81. 

Spiker E. C. and Hatcher P. G. (1987) The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 1385-1391. 

---