Human blood cells

Glycolysis is the source of energy in human red blood cells. In these cells, the concentration of glucose is 5.0 x 10 3Af, while that of lactic acid is 2.9 x 103 M. Calculate AG for glycolysis in human blood cells under these conditions. Use the equation AG = AG° + RT In Q, where Q is the concentration quotient analogous to K. 

Cellular cytokines (interferons, G-CSF) and immune response modifiers originally produced from human cells, most often leukocytes, have now been replaced with recombinant products with well-defined structure/function. Futuristic advances in experimental hematology portend development of human blood cells produced from the hemopoetic stem cells. Yet for the foreseeable future, homologous blood donated by healthy, altruistic voluntary blood donors remains the principal source of safe and adequate supply of blood and blood products for transfusion therapy. 

Astaxanthin has been shown to enhance in vitro antibody production by mouse spleen cells stimulated with sheep red blood cells and in human blood cells in vitro. Furthermore, it has not exhibited any mutagenicity in an in vitro study at doses up to 14.4 mg/day for 2 weeks. 

Lll. Loos, H., Roos, D., Weening, R and Houwerzijl, J., Familial deficiency of glutathione reductase in human blood cells. Blood 48,53-62 (1976). GR4... 

Different tissues have different lipid compositions. The most common lipid components of membranes are PC and PE. Lipid extracts from brain and lung are also rich in PS heart tissue is rich in PG, and liver is rich in PI [567]. Human blood cells, as ghost erythrocytes (with cytoplasm contents removed), are often used as membrane models. These have different compositions between the inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer membrane. Phospholipids account for 46% of the outer leaflet membrane constituents, with PC and Sph about equal in amount. The inner leaflet is richer in phospholipids (55%), with the mix 19% PE, 12% PS, 7% PC and 5% Sph [567],... 

Tornhamre S, Schmidt TJ, Nasman-Glaser B, Ericsson I, Ake L. Inhibitory effects of helenalin and related compounds on 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase in human blood cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001 62 903-911. 

Advantages of the Human Blood Cell-Based in Vitro Test. 

Blood cell partitioning Red blood cell binding is representative of tissue binding Human blood cell/buffer partition ratio [26]... 

Correlation to logD in octanol and olive oil VD is a function of binding to adipose (triglycerides) and non-adipose tissues, and plasma free fraction logD74 (octanohwater), logD7.4 (olive oihwater), protein binding in human, human blood cell partitioning [28]... 

Pantazis P, Harris N, Mendoza J, Giovanella B. Conversion of 9-nitro-camptothecin to 9-amino-camptothecin by human blood cells in vitro. Eur J Haematol 1994 53(4) 246-248. 

Fig. 10.4 Interference staining of normal and pathological human blood cells (a) control erythrocytes of a conditionally healthy person under conventional microscope without any staining, (b) the same sample deposited on the sdicon substrate, (c) and (d) multilayer structure of interference pattern, (e) live erythrocytes of a patient diagnosed with colorectal cancer...

Values are from Lentner C, ed. (1984). Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th edition. CIBA-Geigy, Basle and from Diggs LW, et al. (1970). The Morphology of Human Blood Cells, 5th edition. Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL. 

Thomas, T. E., Richards, A. J., Roath, O. S., Watson, J. H. P., Smith, R. J. S., and Lansdorp, P. M. (1993) Positive selection of human blood cells using improved high gradient magnetic separation filters. J. Hematother. 2, 297. 

B30. Burns, J., Rosenzweig, A., Zweiman, B., and Lisak, R. R, Isolation of myelin basic protein-reactive T cell lines from normal human blood. Cell. Immunol. 81, 435-440 (1993). 

Platelets the smallest of the human blood cells are released from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow as anucleated fragments into the circulation. 

Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes were separated from human blood cells. All separations were run with an AC voltage (10 Vpp at 10 kHz). Bacteria are collected at the electric field maxima by positive DEP forces and blood cells (RBC and WBC) are collected at field minima by negative DEP forces. By applying a suitable fluid flow, the blood cells are swept away, but the bacterial cells are retained [874], In another report, spores of Bacillus globigii were trapped on a DEP chip [486],... 

Sometimes, cellular analysis was performed with cells in a flow stream, which is also termed flow cytometry or FACS in the field of cell biology. For instance, human blood cell (WBC, RBC) rheology was studied in channels fabricated on the Si-Pyrex substrates. The channels were either uncoated or coated with albumin [825]. 

The fluorescence probe l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate was used to examine the binding of spin-labeled local anesthetics to membranes of human blood cells and rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. Two distinct fluorescence lifetimes are exhibited by this probe the shorter life time represents the probe associated with pure lipid, the... 

In the present study the cytotoxic impact of live Phaeocystis pouchetii to human blood cells in close proximity, regardless of the nature of the responsible mechanism, was quantified using a... 

An in vitro human blood cell system was used to assess IFN-a and TNF-a levels using the method of Testerman (1). Testing results are provided in Table 2. 

The light and heavy chain variable region sequences are isolated from human blood cells by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR see Chapter 2), and are cloned into suitable phage or phage-plasmid... 

No hemolysis of human blood cells was observed over 18 hours at 25°C, with 0.001-10% w/v poloxamer solutions. 

It is an in vitro mutagen in most test systems, at levels as small as 10-20 mmol 1 in some systems. Industrially used hydroxylamines were studied in human blood cells in vitro. The parent compound hydro-xylamine and the O-ethyl derivative gave very similar results. Both compounds induced a high degree of methemoglobin formation and glutathione depletion. Cytotoxicity was visible as Heinz body formation and hemolysis. 

Shuster RC, Rubenstein Af, WaUace DC. Mitochondrial DNA in anucleate human blood cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988 155 1360-5. 

T7. Tomlinson, S., and Westall, R. G., Argininosuccinic aciduria argininosuccinase and arginase in normal human blood cells. Clin. Sci. 2, 261-269 (1964). 

The ubiquity of adenosine receptors in mammalian tissues suggests a vast array of therapeutic options. For example, it has recently been found that stimulation of the A2b receptors on human blood cells leads to complete inhibition of TNF-a release, a cmcial feature in interfering with septic shock [4]. A drawback, however, to a possible therapeutic use of adenosine receptor agonists is the common hypotensive action of this class of compounds. 

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