Hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated

HEPATITIS A VACCINE, INACTIVATED (Havrix suspension 720 EL.U/0.5 iiiL of viral antigen, Vaqta injectable 25 U/0.5 iiiL of HAV protein, injectable 50 U/1 iviL of HAV protein. 

Hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated 1st International Standard 95/500 Not relevant Liquid fill... 

There is no benefit in administering the vaccine after a person has been exposed to the HAV. Two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines, Havrix and VAQTA, are available in the United States and are effective in providing active immunization. The major difference between the two vaccines is that HAVRIX contains 2-phenoxyethanol as a preservative whereas VAQTA is preservative-free.1 Either vaccine is effective in providing active pre-exposure prophylaxis when given in two injections 6 months apart (referred to as months 0 and 6). The two vaccines are considered interchangeable, and doses are dependent on age (Table 21-3). 

Hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1995. It is an inactivated whole virus vaccine that is administered in a... 

Hepatitis A vaccine exemplifies vaccine preparations containing inactivated viral particles. It consists of a formaldehyde-inactivated preparation of the HM 175 strain of hepatitis A virus. Viral particles are normally propagated initially in human fibroblasts. 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

Hepatitis A vaccine (Formaldehyde)-inactivated hepatitis A virus Active immunization against hepatitis A... 

Abbreviations. DTaP, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertusis vaccine Hep B, hepatitis B Hep A, hepatitis A IPV, inactivated polio vaccine Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type B. 

The hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix) is an inactivated preparation that is produced by propagation of the vims in cultured human diploid cells and then is inactivated with formalin. Tkantigen form is lysed whole vimses. The antigen type is pnitein. The course of immuni/ation involves two injections uvern 4-wcek period and a booster 12 months after the first injection. Indications are... 

Two commercial vaccines based on virosome technology are currendy on the market. Epaxal (Berna Biotech Ltd, Bern, Switzerland), a hepatitis A vaccine, has inactivated hepatitis A virus particles adsorbed on the surface of the immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV). In Inflexal V (Berna Biotech Ltd) the virosome components themselves are the vaccine protective antigens (185). Recently, in phase I study liposome-encapsulated malaria vaccine (containing monophosphoryl lipid A as adjuvant in the bilayer), the formulation showed induction of higher level of anti-malaria antibody in human volunteers (186). Some liposomal formulations are under investigation in preclinical studies against Yersina pestis, ricin toxin and Ebola Zaire virus (77, 187). 

Inactivated HAV vaccines, Havrix (SmithKUne Beecham) and Vaqta (Merck) both demonstrate protective efficacy in 94% to 100% of vac-cinees within 1 month after primary vaccination. When a booster dose is given 6 or more months later, essentially 100% of recipients develop high antibody levels. Both vaccines are indicated for immunization of individuals 2 years of age or older. Groups recommended for preexposure protection against HAV with hepatitis A vaccine are shown in Table 40-2. Hepatitis A vaccine is useful in preventing secondary infection in household contacts of primary cases of HAV infection. " However, no recommendations exist for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure protection. 

Werzberger A, Mensch B, Kuter B, et al. A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. N Engl J Med 1992 327 453 57. 

Two types of products are available for the prevention of hepatitis A immune globulin (IG) and hepatitis A vaccine. IG is a solution of antibodies prepared from human plasma that is made with a serial ethanol precipitation procedure that inactivates HBV and HIV. When administered intramuscularly before exposure to HAV, or within 2 weeks after exposure, IG is >85% effective in preventing hepatitis A. IG administration is recommended for a variety of exposure situations (e.g., for persons who have sexual or household contact with patients who have hepatitis A). The duration of protection is relatively short (i.e., 3-6 months) and dose dependent. 

Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines have been available in the United States since 1995. These vaccines, administered as a two-dose series, are safe, highly immunogenic, and efficacious. Immunogenicity studies indicate that 99%-100% of persons respond to one dose of hepatitis A vaccine the second dose provides long-term protection. Efficacy studies indicate that inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are 94%-100% effective in preventing HAV infection. 

At the WHO GACVS June 2013 meeting, the safety of the live attenuated and inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines was reviewed. They commented on two studies. A phase III trial of a licenced inactivated vaccine (Ixario ) in the Philippines, in children aged 2 months to 18years who received either half- or full-dose Ixario 1 month apart, and were compared with children who received age-appropriate control vaccines (conjugate pneumococcal or Hepatitis A vaccine). The safety profile of Ixario was comparable with the control vaccines [8 ]. 

A vaccine that combines both inactivated hepatitis A and recombinant hepatitis B (Twinrix) is approved for immunizing individuals greater than 18 years of age with indications for both hepatitis A and B vaccines. 

There are several combination vaccines available in the United States. One of the most popular pediatric combinations is Pediarix a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and hepatitis B vaccines. ComVax is a combination of Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines. The most recent combination is ProQuad which contains measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines. The only combination available for adults is Twinrix which has hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. 

Adults with HIV infection should be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide and hepatitis B vaccines as early in the course of the disease as possible. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly. Children should continue to receive vaccinations on the standard childhood immunization schedule. The individual may experience a transient elevation in HIV viral load following vaccination.17... 

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