Health effects studies

A major limitation inherent in a good portion of the human health effects studies is that exposure durations, and sometimes PbB levels, are not specified. However, many of the studies deficient in experimental detail still provide useful information, and they will be discussed in this section even if they are not recorded in Table 2-1. 

De Peyster A, Donohoe R, Slymen DJ. 1993. Aquatic biomonitoring of reclaimed water for potable use The San Diego health effects study. Journal of Toxicology and Environment Health 39 121-142. 

A number of components of ambient oxidant mixtures are discussed in Chapter 3. Further detailed characterization studies of ambient particulate pollution may suggest that some of these compounds are present in the organic fraction in quantities likely to be detrimental to human health. If so, further controlled health-effects studies would be indicated and might be accomplished with irradiated and diluted automobile exhaust or exposure to pure specific compounds. 

Yasugi T, Kawai T, Mizunuma K, et al Exposure monitoring and health effect studies of workers occupationally exposed to cyclohexane vapor. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65 343-350, 1994... 

Chemical industry voluntary test program for phthalate esters health effects studies. Environ. Health Perspect, 65, 329-336... 

Nellor, M. H. et al. Health Effects Study, Final Report County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County Whittier, CA, 1984. 

Health Effects Study—Final Report L.A. County Sanitation Districts Los Angeles, 1984 NTIS No. PB84191568. 

Although Table I is generally self-explanatory, the carbonaceous material measurements require comment. Because of its chemical complexity, carbonaceous material is frequently characterized only on the basis of carbon measurements. These measurements attempt to divide the carbonaceous material into organic C and elemental C . Carbon present in carbonate salts, frequently a minor contributor to the total particulate carbon, can be determined independently. Elemental carbon is among the most important pollutants in visibility reduction. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively minor constituents of the particulate carbon but are of great interest in health effects studies. PAHs can also serve as model compounds in developing improved sampling techniques for semivolatile carbonaceous materials. 

Methanol bums without a visible flame, which is a safety concern, but which also demonstrates that methanol does not produce soot or smoke when combusted. This fact makes methanol a very attractive diesel engine fuel because, unlike diesel fuel, no fuel particulates are formed. Recent health effects studies suggest that particulate matter is a health hazard regardless of whether known... 

Improved exposure assessments for cohort as well as population-based health effect studies,... 

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenti-cide Act (FIFRA) apply only to health effects studies. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)... 

Good Laboratory Practice and Quality Assurance procedures required for acute and chronic health effect studies can be used for acute and chronic mammalian, aquatic and avian ecotoxicology studies. 

The requirements for ecotoxicology studies vary little from the requirements for health effect studies. Laboratories that have adequate facilities, equipment, staff, and procedures for health effect studies, with adequate training of their staff in specific areas of ecotoxicology, could conduct these tests. 

Health effects studies, such as epidemiological studies, utilizing employee health records require that the records be complete, well maintained, and readily accessible, and that they contain comparable information. These requirements apply to records for all sites. Therefore, automation and centralization of the records is practically a necessity. Records from multiple CSDP sites with multiple contractors at each site may be kept in a variety of forms and according to a variety of procedures. Standardized forms and procedures for all sites would ensure that records could be used for health effects studies. Epidemiological studies on occupation-ally related diseases are most meaningful when employee exposure data are available for correlation with the health data. Complete, high-quality health and... 

Toxicity and health effects Studies have shown that exposure to vapors causes irritation to the eyes, severe burns, loss of vision, irritation to the nose and throat, headache, and pulmonary edema. Exposure to excessive vapor concentrations may cause nausea, vomiting, fainmess, coughing, chest pains, dizziness, depression, convulsions, narcosis, and possibly unconsciousness. Exposure of this nature is unlikely, however, because of the irritating properties of the vapor. Any direct skin contact with liquid -butylamine causes... 

Nishiwaki, Y., Maekawa, K., Ogawa, Y., Asukai, N., Minami, M., Omae, K., Sarin Health Effects Study Group (2001). Effects of sarin on the nervous system in rescue team staff members and police officers 3 years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(11) 1169-73. 

Rosenstock, L., Keifer, M., Daniell, W.E., McConnell, R., Claypoole, K. (1991). Chronic central nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication. The Pesticide Health Effects Study Group. Lancet 338 223-7. 

Overview of Health Effects. Studies in humans and animals indicate that inhalation of asbestos fibers may lead to fibrotic lung disease (asbestosis), pleural plaques and thickening, and cancer of the lung, the pleura, and the peritoneum. It may also increase the risk of cancer at other sites, but the evidence is not strong. Significant effects on other tissues have not been detected. A number of researchers have found that the occurrence of asbestosis and lung cancer correlates with cumulative exposure (that is, the product of concentration [PCM fibers/mL] multiplied by years of exposure). Therefore, human exposures are expressed below as PCM f-yr/mL. Animal data are provided in terms of exposure level (PCM f/mL) and duration, and the cumulative exposure can be found simply by calculating the product. However, due to differences in clearance rates and lifespan as well as other differences, cumulative doses in animals are not expected to be directly comparable to cumulative doses in humans. Studies that provide reliable dose-... 

Overview of Oral Health Effects. Studies in humans and animals indicate that ingestion of asbestos causes little or no risk of noncarcinogenic injury. However, there is some evidence that acute oral exposure may induce precursor lesions of colon cancer, and that chronic oral exposure may lead to an increased incidence risk of gastrointestinal tumors. Studies that provide quantitative data on the effects of ingested asbestos are summarized in Table 3-3 and Figure 3-3, and the data are discussed below. 

A number of health effects studies in animals of petroleum streams that correspond with the transport fractions have been reviewed by the TPHCWG (1997c) however, most of these are unpublished industry studies. 

Quackenboss JJ, Lebowitz MD, Michaud JP, et al. 1989. Formaldehyde exposure and acute health effects study. Environ Int 15 169-176. 

The health effects of PCBs have been extensively tested. Most studies investigated commercial PCBs mixtures that were produced in the United States before 1977 under Aroclor trade names. Health effects studies are also available for PCB mixtures produced in foreign countries. Among the most common tested foreign commercial PCB mixtures are Kanechlors, which were produced in Japan, and Clophens, which were produced in Germany. As in the United States, PCBs are no longer produced in Japan or... 

Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 1987. Final report of Greater New Bedford PCB health effects study 1984-1987. Boston, MA Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 

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